語(yǔ)法和詞匯考點(diǎn)詳解----非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
【命題依據(jù)】 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括不定式、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞等幾種形式。它是中學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)，也是歷年高考題中的必考項(xiàng)目。單項(xiàng)填空題中平均每年有1-3題涉及該部分內(nèi)容，常考考點(diǎn)主要為：動(dòng)名詞和不定式作賓語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的用法比較；現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)的用法比較；現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的用法比較以及非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在特定語(yǔ)境中的考查。該項(xiàng)內(nèi)容能考查考生在具體語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中理解句子結(jié)構(gòu)、分析句子的邏輯主語(yǔ)的能力。
[例題1]_____ as the "first lady of speech", Dr, Lillian Glass is recognized as one of the world’s leading experts on communication skills.
A. KnowingB. Having known C. Known D. To be known
【解題關(guān)鍵】解答該題的關(guān)鍵在于根據(jù)句意，準(zhǔn)確判斷選項(xiàng)動(dòng)詞在句中所作成分。
【答案解析】該題考查過(guò)去分詞在句中用作原因狀語(yǔ)。根據(jù)句意及句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，句子的主語(yǔ)Dr, Lillian Glass實(shí)際上就是選項(xiàng)動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于As he is known as ...引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句，為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，故選過(guò)去分詞known。答案為C。
[例題2]-Why do you look sad?
-There are so many problems _____.
A. remaining to settle B. remained settling
C. remaining to be settled D. remained to be settled
【解題關(guān)鍵】 解答該題的關(guān)鍵在于要準(zhǔn)確把握There be句子結(jié)構(gòu)及系動(dòng)詞remain的用法。
【答案解析】remain 在There be 結(jié)構(gòu)中用作后置定語(yǔ)，由于remain是不及物動(dòng)詞，故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞remaining，相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句that remains；動(dòng)詞settle置于remain之后，應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示動(dòng)作還未完成。答案為C。
[例題3]At the end of 2004, there were around 6,000 foreign printing companies in China, _____ up around 4 percent of national total.
A. made B. to make C. making D. having made
【解題關(guān)鍵】 解答該題的關(guān)鍵是要理解選項(xiàng)動(dòng)詞與前面分句結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系，并準(zhǔn)確把握其主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)的意義以及動(dòng)作的一般性和完成性。
【答案解析】該句考查分詞在句中用作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。make up為及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，在前一分句動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生，根據(jù)句意，表示主動(dòng)，故應(yīng)選making用作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于并列句and it made 或定語(yǔ)從句which made 句型結(jié)構(gòu)。答案為C。
[例題4]-The English exam is not difficult, is it?
-_____. Even Tom _____ to the top students failed in it.
A. Yes; belongs B. No; belonged C. Yes; belonging D. No; belonging
【解題關(guān)鍵】 解答該題的關(guān)鍵是要根據(jù)上下文情景正確判斷"前否后肯"反意問(wèn)句的回答以及對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的準(zhǔn)確理解。
【答案解析】根據(jù)答句句意"甚至最好的學(xué)生湯姆考試也失敗了"可知，第一空應(yīng)選Yes,(it is)意為"不，英語(yǔ)考試難"；第二空選項(xiàng)動(dòng)詞belong與to構(gòu)成不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，在句中用作定語(yǔ)，故應(yīng)選現(xiàn)在分詞belonging，相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句who belongs to ...,注意句子的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)為Even Tom failed in it。答案為C。
[例題5]-We didn’t find the Blacks _____ the lecture.
-No one had told him about ____ a lecture the following day.
A. to attend; there to be B. attending; there being
C. attended;there be D. attend; there was
【解題關(guān)鍵】 解答該題的關(guān)鍵在于準(zhǔn)確把握"感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞"的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的運(yùn)用以及介詞后There be結(jié)構(gòu)的使用。
【答案解析】第一空動(dòng)詞attend為及物動(dòng)詞，表主動(dòng)，根據(jù)感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞find所跟復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，不可使用to attend，過(guò)去分詞attended表被動(dòng)，意義也不成立，可選用attending或attend，但根據(jù)句意，此處強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)，故attending現(xiàn)在分詞為最佳選項(xiàng)；第二空介詞about 后應(yīng)使用動(dòng)名詞形式there being。答案B。
[例題6]Only____ according to the directions can the medicine be quite effective.
A. taking B. taken
C. being taken D. having been taken
【解題關(guān)鍵】 解答該題的關(guān)鍵在于正確區(qū)分分詞的用法。
【答案解析】根據(jù)句意可知，選項(xiàng)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)the medicine與動(dòng)詞take之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，實(shí)際上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句only when it is taken...結(jié)構(gòu)，故應(yīng)選taken在句中用作狀語(yǔ)。答案B。
[例題7] The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if____ whether he was going in the right direction.
A. seeing B. having seen C. to see D. to have seen
【解題關(guān)鍵】 解答該題的關(guān)鍵是準(zhǔn)確把握連接詞as if后非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的選用。
【答案解析】當(dāng)as if后面直接跟一個(gè)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，常使用不定式to do來(lái)表示目的，相當(dāng)于as if he were (was) to do sth說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的未完成性。答案為C。
[例題8]-Is there any possibility of the film____ in Paris International Festival?
-Not in the least, because audience generally think little of it.
A. trying out B. tried out C. to try out D. being tried out
【解題關(guān)鍵】 解答該題的關(guān)鍵是要正確理解介詞后動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式與被動(dòng)式的選用以及動(dòng)名詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系。
【答案解析】選項(xiàng)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)在句中用作介詞of的賓語(yǔ)，應(yīng)使用動(dòng)名詞形式，根據(jù)句意可知，介詞of 后的名詞the film為動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)try out的邏輯主語(yǔ)，且為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故應(yīng)選用動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。答案D。
[例題9]-Hi, Mary. Would you like to go to the concert this evening?
-Sorry, Tom. ____ tomorrow’s lessons, I have no time to go out with you.
A. Not preparing B. Not having prepared
C. Not to prepareD. Being not prepared
【解題關(guān)鍵】 解答該題的關(guān)鍵是要準(zhǔn)確區(qū)分非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)的意義及用法，以及否定副詞not的位置。
【答案解析】根據(jù)句意可知，選項(xiàng)動(dòng)詞為原因狀語(yǔ)，表主動(dòng)，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成性，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句：As I haven’t prepared tomorrow’s lessons...故應(yīng)選B(Not having prepared);選項(xiàng)A為現(xiàn)在分詞，不表示完成的意思；選項(xiàng)C為不定式的否定結(jié)構(gòu)表目的；選項(xiàng)D為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，not應(yīng)置于分詞being前面，均不符句意。答案B。
[例題10]Every student in our class had an application form in his hand, but no one knew which office_____.
A. to send it to B. to send it
C. to be sent to D. to have it sent
【解題關(guān)鍵】解答該題關(guān)鍵是要注意疑問(wèn)詞后接不定式主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)與被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)用作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)的用法區(qū)別。
【答案解析】根據(jù)句意及句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，選項(xiàng)部分不定式與疑問(wèn)詞一起作為句子的賓語(yǔ)，在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用不定式的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，可以轉(zhuǎn)換為賓語(yǔ)從句：but no one knew which office he would send it to。注意send sth to sb/sp為固定短語(yǔ)，to為介詞，不能省略。答案A。
[例題11]-O’Neal works hard.
-So he does. He is often seen _____ heavily before his teammates have even arrived at practice.
A. to be sweated B. sweated
C. be sweated D. sweating
【解題關(guān)鍵】 解答該題關(guān)鍵是要正確處理好"感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞、使役動(dòng)詞"主動(dòng)形式與被動(dòng)形式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中動(dòng)詞的選用。
【答案解析】根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞see用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，選項(xiàng)A、C不可以用于這一結(jié)構(gòu)中；選項(xiàng)B為被動(dòng)意義，不成立；只有選項(xiàng)D(sweating)現(xiàn)在分詞與be seen構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)。答案為D。
[例題12]-How did you get in touch with Mrs. Green?
-Well, it seems to me that you’ve forgottenme her telephone number the other day.
A. to tell B. to have told C. telling D. being told
【解題關(guān)鍵】 解答該題關(guān)鍵是要在上下文語(yǔ)境中理解動(dòng)詞forget后接動(dòng)名詞與不定式的用法區(qū)別。
【答案解析】根據(jù)問(wèn)話人的句意可知，"已與Mrs. Green取得聯(lián)系"了。故回答部分說(shuō)明"已經(jīng)忘記了告訴電話號(hào)碼這件事"，應(yīng)該使用forget doing sth/having done sth "某事已做，但忘了"，forget to do sth意為"忘記要去做的事情"，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作還未發(fā)生。答案C。
責(zé)任編輯：李芳芳