1.manners 與manner的用法
1）復數(shù)形式manners意思是“禮貌；禮節(jié)；規(guī)矩；風俗”。如：
His good manners were praised by his teachers. 他的彬彬有利受到了老師的稱贊。He has no manners at all.他一點也不講禮貌。
2）manner的意思是“方式；方法；舉止；態(tài)度”。如：
He spoke in such a manner as to hurt their feeling. 他講話的態(tài)度傷害了他們的感情。She has a very easy manner. 她的舉止落落大方。
2. for the first time“第一次”
l)for the first time 是介詞短語，意為“第一次”，在句中作狀語。如
On that day the old scientist took us to the physics lab for the first time. 那一天，那位老科學家第一次帶我們?nèi)ノ锢韺嶒炇摇?/p>
2）the first time也可相當于一個連詞，引導時間狀語從句，也表示“第一次”。如：
The first time we met, he answered a lot of question. 我們第一次見面時，他回答了許多問題。
3)"This is/was the first ( second, third. . .) time that"句型中，that從句要用完成時，表示“這是第一（二、三……）次做-…了”。如：
This is the first time that I have been here.這是我第一次來這里。
3.Knowing them will help you make a good impression. 懂得他們有助于你留下一個好印象。
Knowing them 為動名詞短語，在句中作主語。用動名詞作主語時，我們要注章以下兩點：
1）動名詞與不定式作主語的不同。
動名詞作主語表示習慣性，泛指經(jīng)常性、不具體的動作。而不定式作主語表示一次，特指未來、具體的動作。如：
Swimming will do good to you.游泳對你有好處。 Reading builds the mind. 讀書可以發(fā)展智力。
To remember these words today is our main task. 今天記住這些單詞是我們的主要任務。
To go to town tomorrow is necessary. 明天進城是必要的。
2）動名詞作主語時所使用的句型
在“There is no +主語”和“It's no use ( no good, useless) +主語”中，要用動名詞作主語，而不用不定式。如：There is no stopping him. 無法阻止他。It' s no use quarrelling about the question. 爭吵這個問題沒有用。
4. The knife and fork that are closest to your plate are a little bit bigger than the ones beside them. 離你的盤子最近的刀叉比在它們旁邊的刀叉稍大一點。
a little bit在此為程度狀語，修飾比較級 bigger。比較等級前的修飾語還有：
1）修飾原級用：fairly, pretty, quite, rather, so, too, very 等。如：The test is fairly easy. 測驗相當容易。
2) 對比較級的修飾語：a little ( bit ),slightly, any, some“一點點，稍微”many, much, a lot, far, by far“…得多”even, still “更（甚）…”如：
I think maths is much less interesting than art.我認為數(shù)學遠沒有美術有趣．
3）修飾最高級用：by far, much, almost, nearly或序數(shù)詞。He is by far the tallest among us. 他在我們這些人中間個子最高。
注意：by far修飾最高級時置于最高級之前，但是卻要位于比較級之后（比較級 前有定冠詞時則置于比較級之前），且不與than連用。如：This one is better by far.這個要好得多。
5.start 和 start with以及 to start with 的區(qū)別。
1)意為“開始”，后跟名詞、動名詞和不定式.如： He's just started a new job 他剛剛開始一項新工作。She started making money for herself.她開始為自己賺錢。When did you started to learn English. 你是什么時候開始學英語的？
2)start with由意為“以…為開始，先從…做起”。如：He advised me to start with something easy. 他建議我從容易的事做起。
The first word of a sentence should start with a capital letter. 句子的第一個單詞應以大寫字母開始。
3) to start with 意為“起初、首先、第一”，在句中作狀語，后不跟任何賓語。如：
Our group had five members to start with.我們小組開始時只有五個人。
To start with, we haven' t enough money, and secondly we' re too busy. 一來我們的錢不夠，二來我們沒有時間。
To start with, we had many difficulties, but later on, we had help from the teachers.開始，我們困難重重，但后來我們得到了老師的幫助。
6. for a moment, for the moment, in a moment, at any moment, at the moment 的區(qū)別。
1)for a moment “片刻，一會兒”。如：
He was silent for a moment. 他沉默了一會兒。Won't you come in for a moment? 你不進來呆會嗎？
2)for the moment “暫時，一時”。如：
I can't recall his name for the moment. 我一時想不起他的名字。Stop writing for the moment, please. 請暫時不要寫了。
3)in a moment “立刻”、“馬上”、“很快”。如：
Hurry up, the lecture will start in a moment. 快點，報告馬上就要開始了。He will come in a moment.他一會就到。
4)at any moment “隨時”、“任何時候”。如：
You can ask him for help at any moment. 我們隨時都可以請他幫忙。They are ready to start at any moment. 他們隨時準備出發(fā)。
5)at the / this moment“目前、此刻”。如：
I can't afford a house at the moment.我目前還買不起一座房子。They are reading at this moment.他們此刻正在讀書。
7.... but only one bowl of soup and never ask for a second serving…但僅僅一碗湯，千萬別要第二碗。
序數(shù)詞前用定冠詞只表示一層意思，即“第幾”。如：This is the fifth English class of this term.這是本學期第五節(jié)英語課。
而序數(shù)詞前用不定冠詞則有兩層意思：除表示“第幾”，還表示“再”、“又”，即在原有基礎上的再增加。如：
You can have a second try if you fail the first time 如果你第一次失敗了，你可以再試一次。
請再比較以下句子：
He cast his net a second time, and draw in an old basket full of sand. He cast it a third time, and draw in a lot of stones. 他又撒了第二網(wǎng)，收回來的是一個塞滿沙子的破籃子。他再撒了第三網(wǎng)，收回來好多石頭。
8. It is polite to finish eating everything on your plate...…吃完你盤子里的所有東西是有禮貌的。
It在句中作形式主語，真正的主語為to finish eating everything on your plate。作主語的不定式較長時，常用作形式主語，而將真正作主語的不定式短語移到句尾，以保持句子結構平衡。這種以it代替不定式作形式主語的常見句型有以下四種：
1)It be + adj./n. to do sth.
It is important to read the instruction before you use the machine. 使用這臺機器前，看說明書是很重要的。
It is a great pleasure to talk with him. 和他談話是一件非常高興的事。
2) It be + adj. + for sb. to do sth.
這一句型中的形容詞是表示客觀情況的easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive , dangerous, important, impossible, interesting, necessary, useful等。如：
It' s not hard for one to do a bit of good.一個人做點好事并不難。It's necessary for you to buy a new car.你必須買一輛新車。
3) It is + adj. of sb. to do sth.
此句型中的形容詞是表示人的特征、狀態(tài)或性質(zhì)的 foolish, silly, stupid, clever, wise, kind, nice, lazy, polite, impolite, careless, honest, brave, proud 等。如：It' s kind of you to help me with my English. 你幫我學英語真是太好了。
It is unwise of him to go there alone, 他一個人去那里是不明智。
4) It takes sb. some time to do sth. It costs sb. some money to do sth. 如：
It took her three hours to mend her bike. 她修自行車花了三個小時。It will cost you S 50 to fly to Paris. 飛往巴黎的票價為50美元。
9. besides, except 的區(qū)別 besides, except 都可作“除……之外”講，但含義不同。
1)besides表示“除……以外，還有”，含義是肯定的。如：
Besides English, I also know French and German.除了英語，我還懂法語和德語。
What did you do yesterday besides reading some books? 你昨天除了讀書還做了什么？
besides 還可以用作副詞，意為“除此之外”，“此外”，“而且”。如：
Those shoes are very expensive, and besides, they're too small.那些鞋子太貴了，此外，還太小了。
It's too late to go to the movie. Besides, it's raining. 現(xiàn)在去看電影太晚了，何況天還在下雨。
2)except表示“從整體中除去一部分”，含義是否定的。如：
The teacher answered all the questions except the last one. 除了最后一個問題外，老師回答了所有的問題。
I had nothing to put on except a dirty coat. 除了一件骯臟的上衣外，我沒什么可穿了。
10. Foreigners joining a Chinese dinner party should know and follow Chinese table manners.出席中國宴會的外賓應該懂得并遵守中國的餐桌禮貌。
joining a Chinese dinner party 為現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，它與所修飾的詞之間有邏輯上的主謂關系，相當于一個主動語態(tài)的定語從句(who joins a Chinese dinner) 如：
Light coming (which comes) from the stars is bent as it passes the sun. 來自恒星的光經(jīng)過太陽時是彎曲的。
Who is the boy standing (that is standing) at the gate? 站在門口的男孩是誰？
11. ...before the meal is served在飯端上來之前
l)serve在此意為“招待；端上；擺出”。如：What may I serve you with?（營業(yè)員問顧客用語）您要些什么？
Dinner is served. 飯已準備好了。The restaurant serves nice food.這家飯館供應的飯不錯。
2)serve還有“為…服務”之意，注意其后不能加介詞for。由它派生的名詞后面往往加介詞to。
Make the past serve the present and foreign things serve China. 古為今用。洋為中用。
We should learn from his spirit of wholehearted service to the people.我們應該學習他全心全意為人民服務的精神。
12.... you were feeling very tired. 你感到非常累。
feel在此意為“感到”，它和look，smell，sound，taste一樣，為表了感覺的系動詞。它們的共同點是：后跟形容詞作表語，以主動形式表示被動含義。又如：What 's wrong with you? You don't look well today. 你怎么啦？你今天看起來臉色不好。
The room facing to the west feels hot in summer and cold in winter. 面向西的那個房間夏天感到熱，冬天感到冷。
【語法點評］
非限制性定語從句
一、經(jīng)常使用非限制性定語從句的場合
1．先行詞為獨一無二的物體時。如：The sun, which rises in the east, gives us heat and light.太陽從東邊升起，給我們發(fā)出光和熱。
2．先行詞是指物的專有名詞時。如：
The Great Wall, which is called in Chinese "The Ten = Thousand Li Great Wall" , is actually more than 6,000 kilometers long.
長城，中國人稱作“萬里長城”，實際上 6，000多公里。
3．先行詞指物且被指示代詞或人稱代詞所修飾時。如：This is her house, which was built last year. 這是她的房子，是去年建的。
4.定語從句修飾整個主句時。如：He is from America, which I know from his accent. 他是美國人，這一點我從他的口音可以斷定。
二、非限制性定語從句引導詞的選擇
1．關系代詞的選擇
1）非限制性定語從句的關系代詞不能用that。指人時，如引導詞做主語用who、作賓語用whom；指物時要用which.注意卿使引導詞作賓語也不能省略。如：
Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of my father's. 張先生昨天來看我，他是我父親的一位老朋友。（作主語）
Miss Howe, whom you met at the station, is from America. 豪小姐是美國人，你在車站見過她。（作賓語）
The Great Wall of China, which was built by ancient Chinese people, is regarded as one of the few wonders of the world. 長城是古代中國人民修建的，它被看作是世界上為數(shù)不多的奇跡之一。
2）as和which的選擇
as和which都可用來引導非限制性定語從句，來指代整個主句的內(nèi)容。非限制性定語從句位于句末、且as或 which在從句中作主語、賓語或表語時，兩者常可互換。如：
She failed in the exam, which/ as was natural.他考試沒及格，這很自然。（作主語）
He is an honest boy, which/ as anybody can see. 任何人都能看得出來，他是個誠實的孩子。（作賓語）
The man seemed a German, which/ as in fact he was. 那個人似乎是個德國人，實事上他就是德國人。（作表語）
但要注意以下區(qū)別：
①如非限制性定語從句位于主句之前或插在主句之中時，只能用as。如。
As we have seen, oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth. 我們已經(jīng)看到，海洋占地球面積的百分之七十多。
This kind of computer, as is well-known, is out of date. 眾所周知，這種計算機現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)過時了。
②as在從句中作主語，后面常跟行為動詞的被動式； which在從句中作主語，后常跟行為動詞的主動式。如：
She has been late again, as was expected. 她又遲到了，這在預料之中。
It rained hard yesterday, which prevented me from going to the park. . 昨天雨下得很大，使我無法去公園。
Kate always tells a lie, which her parents find strange. 凱特總是說謊，她父母覺得這很奇怪。
③當從句和主句語義一致時用 as，表“正如”；反之用which。如：
The thief came again, as was expected. 小偷又一次來了，這是預料之中的。（語義一致）
The elephant is like a snake, which is not right. 大象像一條蛇，這是不對的。（語義不一致）
④as用常用在as often happens, as was pointed out, as was said above, as I remember, as I understand等結構中。如：
Jack has won the first prize, as often happens .像往常一樣，杰克獲得了一等獎。
2．關系代詞和關系副詞的選擇
在非限定性定語從句中，關系代詞和關系副詞的選擇方法和限制性定語從句一樣：引導詞在從句中作主語或賓語時，用關系代詞；作狀語時用關系副詞。如：
I want to buy the house, which has a garden. . 我想買那個房子，那個房子有一個花園。（作主語）
The place, which I visited before, has changed greatly. 這地方我以前來過，現(xiàn)在變化很大。（作賓語）
The story in the book takes place in Canada, where Doctor Bethune was born.書中故事發(fā)生在加大拿，白求恩大夫就是在那里出生的。（作狀語）
3．關系副詞和人稱代詞、指示代詞的選擇
選關系代詞還是人稱代詞，關鍵是分清句子結構。如是非限制性定語從句（兩句中間以逗號隔開，且無連詞），用關系代詞；如是并列句（全句中有連詞、兩句中間為句號或分號），用人稱代詞或指示代詞。請試填：
① He has three sons, none of ____ is a doctor. ② He has three sons, ____ are doctors.
③ He has three sons, but none of ____ is a doctor. ④ He has three sons;____ are doctors.
A. whom B. them C. they D. who
題解：①、②兩題中間為逗號且無連詞，說明后句為非限制性定語從句③、④題為并列句。答案：ADBC .