Unit1名詞
☆一、考點(diǎn)聚焦
1.可數(shù)名詞單、復(fù)數(shù)變化形式
（1）規(guī)則變化。
①單數(shù)名詞詞尾直接加-s。如：boy - boys, pen - pens。
②以s、x 、ch 、sh結(jié)尾的單詞一般加-es。如：glass - glasses,box- boxes, watch - watches, brush - brushes。
特例：stomach - stomaches。
③以“輔音字母 + y”結(jié)尾的變“y”為“i”再加“-es”。如：
baby - babies, lady - ladies, fly - flies。
④以“o”結(jié)尾的多數(shù)加-es。如：tomato - tomatoes, potato - potatoes, hero - heroes。但以兩個(gè)元音字母結(jié)尾的名詞和部分外來(lái)詞中以o結(jié)尾的詞只加-s。 如：radio - radios, zoo - zoos, photo - photos, piano - pianos, kilo - kilos, tobacco - tobaccos。
⑤以“f”或“fe”結(jié)尾的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式變“f”或“fe”為“v”，之后再加-es。如：wife - wives, life - lives, knife - knives, wolf- wolves, self - selves, leaf - leaves等。特例：handkerchief- handkerchiefs, roof - roofs, chief - chiefs, gulf - gulfs, belief - beliefs, cliff - cliffs。
⑥改變?cè)糇帜傅摹Ｈ纾簃an - men, mouse - mice, foot - feet,
woman - women, tooth - teeth, goose - geese, ox - oxen。特例：child - children。
⑦復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。（A）在復(fù)合詞中最后名詞尾加-s。如：armchair - armchairs, bookcase - bookcases, bookstore - book-
stores。（B）man和woman作定語(yǔ)修飾另一個(gè)名詞時(shí)，前后兩個(gè)名詞都要變成復(fù)數(shù)。如：man doctor - men doctors, woman driver - women dri-
vers。（C）與介詞或副詞一起構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞應(yīng)在主體名詞部分加-s。如：brother-in-law - brothers-in-law, passer-by - passers-by。
⑧有的名詞有兩種復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：zero - zeros 、zeroes, deer -
deers 、deer。penny的兩種復(fù)數(shù)形式含義有所不同。如：pence（便士的錢數(shù)），pennies(便士的枚數(shù))。
（2）不規(guī)則變化。
①單、復(fù)數(shù)同形。如：means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese,
Japanese, sheep, works（工廠）,cattle。
②合成名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。如：boy-friend - boy-friends, go-between- go-betweens(中間人)，grown-up - grown-ups。
③有些名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù)。如：glasses眼鏡，clothes衣服，goods
貨物，trousers褲子，belongings所有物,wages工資，riches財(cái)富, surroundings環(huán)境，ashes灰塵, campasses圓規(guī)，cattle家畜，congratulations祝賀，have words with sb. 同某人吵架，in high spirits以很高熱情地，give one’s regards to sb.向某人問(wèn)侯，in rags衣衫破爛，It is good manners to do sth.有禮貌做某事。
④集體名詞的數(shù)。有些集體名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù)，如：people,
cattle, police; 有些名詞只用作單數(shù)，如：machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery;有些名詞既可用作單數(shù)又可用作復(fù)數(shù)，單數(shù)看做整體，復(fù)數(shù)看做集體的各個(gè)成員。如：The crew is large.船員人數(shù)很多（指整體）；The crew are all tired.船員們都累壞了（個(gè)體）。
2、不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)
（1）一般說(shuō)來(lái)抽象名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，但當(dāng)抽象名詞表示具體的東西時(shí)，可用作可數(shù)名詞且詞義發(fā)生變化，主要類型如下：
①抽象名詞表示具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、感情情緒的人或事。如：
抽象名詞（不可數(shù)） 具體化（個(gè)體名詞，可數(shù)名詞）
in surprise驚訝地 a surprise一件令人驚訝的事
win success獲得成功 a success一個(gè)(件)成功的人(事)
win honor贏得榮譽(yù) an honor一個(gè)(件)引以為榮的(事)
Failure(失敗)is the mother of success a failure失敗者
失敗是成功之母。
by experience靠經(jīng)驗(yàn) an experience一次經(jīng)歷
youth青春 a youth一個(gè)青年人
have pity on sb.憐憫某人 a pity可惜的事情
with pleasure樂(lè)意 a pleasure樂(lè)事
②抽象名詞與a(an)連用，淡化了抽象概念，轉(zhuǎn)化為似乎可以體驗(yàn)到的動(dòng)作、行為或類別。如：
A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.
Would you like to have a walk(swim, bath, talk)with me?
It is waste of time reading such a novel.
She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.
(2)物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，但表示數(shù)量或種類之多時(shí)，可以用作可數(shù)名詞。如：
①物質(zhì)名詞有形或數(shù)的相應(yīng)物體，有單、復(fù)數(shù)。如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡，some drink一些飲料, a drink一杯飲料，three drinks三杯飲料，his hair他的頭發(fā)，a few grey hairs幾根白發(fā)，glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。
②物質(zhì)名詞有前置后置修飾時(shí)，前面要使用不定冠詞。
have breakfast The road is covered with snow.
have a wonderful breakfast They have a heavy snow every year.
Time and tide wait for no man.
We had a wonderful time last night.
(3)有復(fù)數(shù)形式的不可數(shù)名詞
①有些抽象名詞往往以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，起到一種豐富語(yǔ)言感情色彩或強(qiáng)調(diào)某種特殊狀態(tài)的作用。如：
Use your brains, please.
They have smoothed away the difficulties.
Have you made preparations for tomorrow’s meeting?
Many thanks for your kindness.
No pains, no gains.
After many failures, they finally succeeded.
②有些物質(zhì)名詞以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，表示數(shù)量之多，范圍之廣。如：
The boy burst into tears at the bad news.
The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.
The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains.
3.名詞所有格
（1）“’s”所有格的特殊表示形式有：
① 用于表示時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、重量等的名詞后，如：today’s
newspaper,five minutes’walk(drive),five pounds’weight, tend
ollars’worth of coffee。
②用于表示國(guó)家、世界、城市等地方的名詞后。如：the earth’s planet, the word’s population, China’s industry, New York’s parks。
（2）“of”所有格的特殊表示方式有：
①表示“部分”時(shí)，一般在所修飾的名詞前有一個(gè)表示數(shù)量的詞（a、two、several、some、no、many等），如：Some students of Mister Zhang’s have gone to college.張老師的一些學(xué)生已經(jīng)上大學(xué)了。
②表示“其中之一，其中一部分”的意思時(shí)，用：a friend of Tom’s
湯姆的一個(gè)朋友（許多朋友中的一位）。
③表示贊揚(yáng)、批評(píng)或厭惡等感情色彩時(shí)，應(yīng)該用：that/this/these/
those + 名詞（單、復(fù)數(shù)）of Mary’s/yours/his/hers。如：
That invention of hers belongs to the world. 她的那項(xiàng)發(fā)明是屬于全世界的（表贊賞）。
4、名詞作定語(yǔ)
英語(yǔ)中有些名詞沒(méi)有其對(duì)應(yīng)的同根形容詞，這些名詞可以直接用來(lái)作定語(yǔ)修飾另一個(gè)名詞。
（1）分類意義。
air pollution 空氣污染 boy friend 男朋友
coffee cup咖啡杯 income tax所得稅
tennis ball網(wǎng)球 song writer歌曲作家
body language身體語(yǔ)言 road accident交通事故
Nobel Prize諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)
（2）時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、稱呼等。
Doctor Jack杰克醫(yī)生 Professor Li李教授
evening school夜校 winter sleep冬眠
street dance 街舞 country music鄉(xiāng)村音樂(lè)
village people村民 school education學(xué)校教育
China problem中國(guó)問(wèn)題
（3）表目的、手段、來(lái)源，所屬意義。
reception desk接待臺(tái) sports field田徑場(chǎng)
stone table石桌 color TV彩電
weather report天氣預(yù)報(bào)
★二、精典名題導(dǎo)解
選擇填空
1. It is generally believed that teaching is ___________it is a science.
(NMET 2001)
A.an art much as B.much an art as
C.as an art much as D.as much an art as
解析：答案為D。當(dāng)名詞前有what、so、as、too、quite等詞修飾時(shí)，其形容詞被這些詞修飾，組成下列結(jié)構(gòu)，如：What a nice book! This is too heavy a box for me to carry. He is not as honest a boy as Mike.等，應(yīng)采取too/how + 形容詞（副詞）+ a(an) + 名詞的形式。要記住一些類似的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)，并加以分析。
2. The police are offering a __________to anyone who can give information about the lost key.（NMET 1999）
A.price B.prize C.reward D.money
解析：答案為C。price 價(jià)格，價(jià)錢；prize獎(jiǎng)金。Ｄ項(xiàng)是錢，屬不可數(shù)名詞，題中所要填的是“酬金，報(bào)酬”。注意正確理解名詞的含義及其搭配是活用語(yǔ)言的基礎(chǔ)，在復(fù)習(xí)備考中要熟練掌握考綱中一些名詞的詞義、搭配、習(xí)慣等，才能更好辨析名詞，從而選擇最符合句意的選項(xiàng)。
3.You’ll find this map of great _____________in helping you to get round London.（NMET 1998）
A.price B.cost C.value D.usefulness
解析：答案為C。本題考查特定語(yǔ)境中名詞的詞義及“be of + 抽象名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。Price (價(jià)格)，cost（價(jià)錢，費(fèi)用，成本）不符合題意，value作“quality of being useful or desirable”解時(shí)，常與of搭配，在句中作表語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，意為“有用，有價(jià)值”。故選擇value。注意名詞詞義辨異及慣用法表達(dá)，題中“of + 抽象名詞”相當(dāng)于該名詞的形容詞形式。
三、專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練
一、名詞
1.Not only I but also Jane and Mary_______tired of having one examination after another.
A.is B.are C.am D.be
2.When and where to build the new factory_______yet.
A.is not decided B.are not decided
C.has not decided D.have not decided
3.“All_______present and all_______going on well.”said the leader.
A.is;is B.is;are C.are;are D.are;is
4.It_______Jack and John who_______been to Shanghai.
A.is;has B.are;have C.is;have D.are;has
5.What I say and think_______no business of yours.
A.be B.is C.are D.being
6.About 80% of China’s population_______living in the country.
A.is B.has C.have D.are
7.Tom as well as his friends_______invited to the party.
A.was B.were C.have D.has
8.Either the teachers or the headmaster_______the prizes to these gifted students at the meeting.
A.is handing out B.are to hand out
C.are handing out D.is to hand out
9.Only one of these places_______.
A.worth visiting B.is worth being visited
C.is worth visiting D.are worth visiting
10.More than one student_______answered the question.
A.is B.has C.have D.are
11.Ten thousand li_______too long.We must take our time.
A.is B.are C.will be D.were
12.South of the city_______two great mountains.
A.is B.has C.have D.are
13.The police_______the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in the theatre.
A.is searching for B.was searching for
C.are searching for D.were searching for
14.-I don’t like this ink.Don’t you like it?
-No,I like_______ink.
A.the other B.some other C.another D.some others
15.Mr Wang is so excited today,for they bought_______yesterday.
A.many furnitures B.so much furniture
C.many piece of furniture D.a lot of furniture
16.There_______a pen,a knife and several books on the desk.
A.have B.has C.is D.are
17.John’s teacher and friend_______a musician.
A.is B.are C.be D.will
18.Ten minutes_______an hour when one is waiting for a phone call.
A.to seem B.are seeming C.seem D.seems
19.Going to bed early and getting up early_______a good habit.
A.is B.are C.is being D.will be
20.The family_______not of one mind.
A.are B.is C.to be D.does
21.Two of them will go first,the rest_______to stay at home.
A.is B.are C.is going D.will be
22.Many a professor_______looking forward to visiting Korea at present.
A.was B.were C.is D.are
23.-How are things getting on?
-All that can be done_______.
A.have done B.has done C.have been done D.has been done
24.Don’t worry.You still have_______time.
A.a few hours’ B.many more C.a few hour’s D.little
25.I have always enjoyed_______of books.
A.the kind B.these kind C.this kind D.this kinds
26.About 15 million personal computers bought in the U.S last year were for_______.
A.the use of home B.home use C.home’s use D.the home of use
27. George is one of those people who_______trouble making up their minds.
A.are B.is C.has D.have
28.I turn to you as my last hope.If you,fail me,then my honour as well as my position_______forever lost.
A.be B.are C.is D.were
29.The majority of boys_______football.
A.likes B.like C.fond of D.care for
30.The kind of books an author writes_______on the detail of the accident.
A.depends B.depend C.has been depended D.will be depend
31.Every means_______tried without much result.
A.has been B.have been C.are D.is
32.Neither his parents nor he_______a change of air be going abroad.
A.hope to have B.hopes to have C.hopes to D.hope to
參考答案
1-10 BADCB DADCB 11-20 ADDBD CADAA 21-30 BCDAC BDCBA 31-32 AB