Useful expressions
1. prevent … from …阻礙使（某人）不做某事；阻撓 to keep / stop someone from doing something
What prevented you from joining us last night? 昨天晚上什么事使你不能參加我們的晚會(huì)? We were prevented by heavy smog from seeing anything. 濃霧使我們看不到任何東西。
2. look forward to 盼望；期待
We are all looking forward to our holiday. 我們都盼望著假期。I'm looking forward to seeing you this summer vacation. 我盼望今年暑假見(jiàn)到你。The boy is looking forward to being given a birthday present.
3. end up 結(jié)束
The meeting ended up with the singing of The Internationale. 會(huì)議最后以唱《國(guó)際歌》而結(jié)束。 We ended the dinner up with fruit and tea. 我們以水果和茶結(jié)束宴會(huì)。We were going to go out, but ended up watching television.
4. as a matter of fact 事實(shí)上；實(shí)際上
In fact; actually: She doesn't like him much - as a matter of fact I think she hates him! 她不很喜歡他；事實(shí)上，我認(rèn)為她恨他！--- I didn't think you'd mind me using your office. --- Well, as a matter of fact, I do mind.
5. as though / as if 好象, 仿佛
She spoke to me as though she knew me. 她和我說(shuō)話的神情，好像她早就認(rèn)識(shí)我似的。The animal was walking as though it had hurt its leg. 這動(dòng)物走路的樣子好像傷了腿似的。The lights were on and cigarettes still burned in the ashtray, as though everyone had left in a hurry.
6. at the latest 最遲 (區(qū)分: at least)
no later than the time mentioned: You should have it done by Tuesday at the latest. 你最遲得在星期二完成。I should be back by 11 o'clock at the latest.
7. in need of 需要
They are in need of food, food is a necessity for all living things. 他們需要食物, 食物對(duì)一切生物是必不可少的。A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患難之交才是真正的朋友。Many of the soldiers were in great need of medical treatment.
Sentence patterns
1. Not only does he have to type out the answer on a computer, but he also gets the computer to translate it into sounds. 他不僅要把答語(yǔ)打在電子計(jì)算機(jī)上，而且還要讓計(jì)算機(jī)把答語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)變成聲音。
當(dāng)not only… but also…連接兩個(gè)句子且置于句首時(shí)，not only后面的分句要用倒裝語(yǔ)序: Not only did we hear it, but we saw it. 我們不僅聽(tīng)到了，而且也看到了。 Not only do disabled people read, write, draw pictures, paint and cook, but they also study, go to university, take exams and have jobs. 許多坐輪椅的人體育運(yùn)動(dòng)很出色。殘疾人不僅能閱讀、寫(xiě)作、繪畫(huà)、油漆和烹調(diào)，而且還能學(xué)習(xí)、上大學(xué)、參加考試和工作。
2. In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a professor.
這是一個(gè)倒裝句，正常的語(yǔ)序應(yīng)是：A professor sits in a lecture…. 在英語(yǔ)中，由于語(yǔ)法和修辭的需要，常把謂語(yǔ)置于主語(yǔ)前面，我們稱之為倒裝。如: In front of the house stops a new car. 在房子的前面停著一輛新車。Under the tree sat a boy. / In the middle of the room stood a little girl.
Language tips
1. Hopefully tomorrow will turn out fine. 希望明天是個(gè)好天。
hopefully的意思是 it is hoped that…如：Hopefully our guests will be here by 8:00. 希望客人在8點(diǎn)以前來(lái)這兒。It is hoped that we will finish the work on Monday.希望我們會(huì)在星期一完成工作。turn out 相當(dāng)于 prove to be 證明是 be in the end 結(jié)果是, 如: Everything turned out all right. 結(jié)果一切都很順利。That person we met turned out to be Maria's second cousin. 還可接從句: It turned out that the message sent him was not correct. 結(jié)果是發(fā)到他那兒的信息是不對(duì)的。
2. I've always dreamt of coming to China, and now my dream has come true. 我做夢(mèng)都想到中國(guó)來(lái)，而現(xiàn)在我的夢(mèng)想成真了.
dream of 夢(mèng)想…: I dream of having a house of my own.我夢(mèng)想擁有一座自己的房屋。I dream of being the best footballer in the town. 我夢(mèng)想成為全城最好的足球隊(duì)員。come true 變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí), 被實(shí)現(xiàn): I wish my dream will come true one day. 我希望有一天我的夢(mèng)想成真。
3. How do you manage in your wheelchair? 你坐在輪椅上怎么能旅游呢？
manage對(duì)付，完成，辦到：I can manage by myself. 我自己能行。He tried to walk, but managed only a few shaky steps. How on earth do you manage without a washing machine? --- Do you want a hand with those bags? --- No, it's OK, I can manage.
4. I seldom have any difficulties. seldom 相當(dāng)于 not often, rarely很少，不常：I've seldom see such a big orange. 注：含有seldom的句子的反意疑問(wèn)句, 句尾用肯定：He seldom goes out for dinner, does he? 當(dāng)seldom放在句首時(shí)，這時(shí)的句子要不完全倒裝：Seldom does he eat lunch at home.
5. He had to find ways that would make it possible for him to speak, read and write, even though he could later only move the fingers of one hand. 他必須找到辦法使自己即使今后只有一只手的手指能夠活動(dòng)也能講話、閱讀和寫(xiě)作。
even though / even if 即使，盡管, 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句: We will stand by you even if you don't succeed. 縱然你不成功，我們也會(huì)支持你。Even though he can afford it, he doesn't buy the car. 即使他能買得起車，他也不會(huì)買。
6. Although he had a disease of the brain which was getting worse, he decided to continue with his research and his writing. 雖然他患有日益嚴(yán)重的腦病，但是他決定繼續(xù)從事研究和寫(xiě)作。
continue with 意思是 go on doing something 繼續(xù)做某事: The teacher told the class to continue with their work while he was out of the classroom。老師告訴全班同學(xué)在他離開(kāi)教室時(shí)要繼續(xù)做作業(yè)。Continuing with this argument is very pointless.
7. Some people have the wrong attitude towards people with disabilities, considering them to be stupid. 有些人對(duì)待殘疾人的態(tài)度不對(duì)，認(rèn)為他們愚蠢。
短語(yǔ)considering them to be stupid 在句中作狀語(yǔ)。注意consider的搭配 consider sb/sth (to be) wise/important etc認(rèn)為或相信; 把…看作: We consider it (to be ) true.= (We consider that it is true.) 我們認(rèn)為這是真實(shí)的。
8. As a matter of fact, many people have a disability.
disability 當(dāng)它做“缺陷”的意思講時(shí)是可數(shù)名詞: Not speaking French in Paris is a real disability. 在巴黎不講法語(yǔ)實(shí)在是一個(gè)缺陷。當(dāng)它做“無(wú)能力；失去能力”的意思時(shí)，不可數(shù)名詞。如：His disability prevents him from holding a job. 他的無(wú)能使他不能勝任工作。Even if none of this is true for us today, it is probable that one day we will end up with a disability. 即使我們今天一點(diǎn)殘疾都沒(méi)有，很可能某一天我們會(huì)變成殘廢。
9. It is often thought that disabilities are total. Once, people would often be referred to as "deaf" or "blind". 人們常認(rèn)為殘疾就是完全殘廢。過(guò)去有些人常被稱之為"聾子"或"瞎子"。
refer to sb. as 意思是“把某人稱作……，把某人當(dāng)作……”: The teacher refers to the poor child as his own son. 那位老師把那個(gè)可憐的小孩當(dāng)做自己的兒子。Johnson referred to the discovery as a major breakthrough in medical science. 掌握refer to的其它用法: refer a question to an expert 把問(wèn)題提交給專家(處理) ; refer to a dictionary 查字典; the question the teacher referred to 老師所談到的問(wèn)題; questions referring to yesterday's lecture 涉及昨天演講的問(wèn)題; He referred his success to the good teaching he had had. 他把他的成功歸于他以前所受的良好教育。
10. When we design a building, we should provide an entrance suitable for wheelchairs on the ground floor, as well as lifts, suitable bathrooms and toilets. 我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)大樓的時(shí)候，既要在底層安排一個(gè)能夠讓輪椅通過(guò)的入口，也要考慮電梯、合適的浴室和廁所
provide…for…有兩個(gè)意思: 1) 供給供應(yīng): This has provided valuable data for work in soil improvement. 這為土壤改良工作提供了寶貴資料。I'll provide food for the picnic. 我提供野餐吃的食物。2) 準(zhǔn)備；做必須之事；防備: In our plans for the journey, we have provided for possible accidents. 在旅行計(jì)劃中，我們?yōu)榭赡馨l(fā)生的意外事件作了適當(dāng)?shù)臏?zhǔn)備。They had already provided against the attack. 他們已做好應(yīng)付進(jìn)攻的準(zhǔn)備。
11. They love having lots of friends, so do those with disabilities. 年輕人喜歡廣交朋友，殘疾人也一樣。在以關(guān)聯(lián)詞so, such (…that)開(kāi)頭的句子，要局部倒裝。如：So small was the mark that I could hardly see it. 斑點(diǎn)如此之小，我?guī)缀蹩床怀鰜?lái)。Such was his strength that he carried all the big boxes onto the fourth floor. 他的力氣真大，把所有的大箱子都搬上了四樓。
Grammar
倒裝句
倒裝的類型
完全倒裝 (整個(gè)謂語(yǔ)移至主語(yǔ)之前) Out rushed the students to welcome the foreign friends. 學(xué)生們涌出去歡迎外國(guó)朋友。
部分倒裝 (只把系動(dòng)詞，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞或表語(yǔ)放在主語(yǔ)之前。) Little did I think that he could be back alive. 我沒(méi)有想到他竟能活著回來(lái)。
幾種常見(jiàn)的倒裝句型：
1. 在以here, there, now, then, in, away, up down等副詞開(kāi)頭的句子中: Now comes your turn to play. 現(xiàn)在輪到你玩了。Away went the crowd one by one. 人們一個(gè)一個(gè)地離去。
2. 含有否定意義的副詞或連詞放在句首時(shí)
Never before have we seen such a sight. 以前我們從來(lái)沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)這樣的情景。Little did I think that he could be back alive. 我沒(méi)有想到他竟能活著回來(lái)。
Not until New Year’s Day shall I give you a gift. 我要到元旦那天才能給你禮物。
3. 副詞only+狀語(yǔ)放在句首時(shí)
Only then did he realize his mistakes . 只有在那時(shí)他才認(rèn)識(shí)到自己的錯(cuò)誤。Only in this way can you learn maths well . 只有用這種方法你才能學(xué)好數(shù)學(xué)。
4. 副詞so或 neither(nor)在句首
He is interested in pop-songs, and so am I.他對(duì)流行歌曲感興趣，我也如此。He hasn’t been to the countryside, neither does he want to go there.他沒(méi)有去過(guò)農(nóng)村，他也不想去那里。
5. 在頻度狀語(yǔ) often, always, many a time 等開(kāi)頭的句子中
Often did we warn them not to do so. 我們?cè)啻尉嫠麄儾灰@樣做。Many a time has she helped me with my English. 她不止一次地幫助或?qū)W習(xí)英語(yǔ)。
6. 在方式狀語(yǔ)thus開(kāi)頭的句子中及程度狀語(yǔ)so放句首: Thus ended his life.這樣結(jié)束了他的生命。So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him . 他講話的聲音那樣大，連隔壁屋子里的人都聽(tīng)得見(jiàn)。
7. 用在as/though（盡管）引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中
Young as he is, he knows a lot. 雖然他年輕，卻知道很多東西。
8. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件從句中 (把從句中if省略將were，had或should放在主語(yǔ)的前面。)
Were they here, they would help us. 他們要是在這兒，他們會(huì)幫助我們的。Had I been informed earlier. I could have done something. 我要是早得到通知，我就能干事了。Should you fail, take more pain and try again. 萬(wàn)一你失敗了，就要更加刻苦，重新再干。
Language record
In this unit I have learned to say in English:
Useful Expressions:
1．渴望來(lái)中國(guó) 2．盡可能地玩得開(kāi)心
3．一流的物理學(xué)家 4．聽(tīng)起來(lái)有點(diǎn)怪
5．雙目失明（雙耳失聰） 6．在某人的私生活方面
7．以……而結(jié)束 8．最遲中午十二點(diǎn)結(jié)束
9．汽車來(lái)了 10．一個(gè)可坐的舒適的位子
Sentences:
1．希望明天會(huì)變晴。
2．順便問(wèn)一下，你的手表幾點(diǎn)了？
3．既然他的話很難懂，為什么人們還要來(lái)聽(tīng)他的報(bào)告呢？
4．需要做些什么才能使他們的生活過(guò)得好些？
5．她臉色蒼白，看上去需要休息。
6．我期待著收到你的答復(fù)。
7．他很少去看電影，不是嗎？Seldom …….
8．僅靠洗衣服我母親仍設(shè)法養(yǎng)活了全家人。Only …….