Warming up listening speaking
1．a(chǎn)ttend
1) vt.出席，參加
attend a meeting 出席會(huì)議
Our teacher suggested that he (should) attend a technical school.
我們的老師建議他去上技校。
2) vi 注意聽；傾聽 此時(shí)常與介詞to 連用
The boy didn’t attend to the teacher/ to what the teacher was saying.
這個(gè)男生沒有注意聽老師講話。
3) vi & vt 照顧；護(hù)理；伺候
He is attending to some very important customers.
他正在接待一些重要顧客。
考題:
Before using the machine, you must _____ carefully to these instructions. ( D )
A. join B. join in C. take part in D. attend
2．句型：Why do you think so?
替代詞so 可用來表示”相信”,”希望”, “設(shè)想”等含義動(dòng)詞后的從句, 使得句子簡(jiǎn)明, 有力.
Is he going to study abroad?
I believe so.
他打算去留學(xué)嗎? 我想是的.
注意: 表示意義否定時(shí), 可用not 代替so, believe, suppose, think 等也可說 I don’t believe(…)so, 但hope, be afraid, guess只可說 I hope not; I’m afraid not; I guess not.
拓展: 作為替代詞so還可以用于以下場(chǎng)合:
so 可替代seem, appear, become, remain, be等詞后面的名詞,形容詞及be afraid之后的從句.
I could hardly believe it but it was true.
我?guī)缀醪荒芟嘈?不過這確實(shí)是真的.
so 可與if 等從屬連詞搭配, 構(gòu)成無動(dòng)詞條件句.
Have you done this week’s washing? If so, I’ll ask you to see a film tonight.
你本周的衣服洗完了嗎? 如果洗完了, 我今晚請(qǐng)你看電影.
Reading
Comprehension
1.“Sustainable development”was brought forth___
A. at the Stockholm Summit
B. at the Johannesburg Earth Summit
C. by the World Health Organization
D. by China’s former Premier Zhu Ronji
2. What do the “big three”refer to according to the passage?
A. contaminated drinking water, poor sanitation and air pollution
B. Poverty, war and violence
C. Food, clothing and shelter
D. Clean water, good environment and easy transportation
3. Which of the following is the main cause of millions of death in rural areas?
A. Lack of drinking water B. Poor sanitation
C. Air pollution D. Freezing sold
4. The first paragraph mainly tells us_____
A. where the Earth Summit was held
B. when the Earth Summit is cold
C. how people discuss the most important problems
D. what is the function of the Earth Summit
5. which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?
A. Different countries have different opinions about development
B. Equality and fairness are badly needed in the today’s world
C. The Earth Summit, a way to save the earth
D. Sustainable development, the future for the world
6. the third paragraph suggests that ____
A. it is not too late for us to do something to save the earth
B. we needn’t be so worried about the environment of the earth
C. there are problems facing the earth, but not serious enough
D. we will change our way of life sooner or later
7. The Earth Summit is important mainly because_____
A. it helps people realize that many of the things they do every day are bad for the environment
B. it is a place to discuss problems and find solutions for the future.
C. most of the important leaders from different countries come to attend it
D. it spreads messages across every part of the world
8. The key to solving the major problems facing the earth is______
A. to educate the people of the world
B. to improve the living conditions
C. to treat people equally and fairly
D. to hold conferences like the Earth Summit frequently
1．summit 最高級(jí)會(huì)議，首腦會(huì)議
Group 8 summit 八國首腦會(huì)議
比較： conference, meeting
conference 比較正式，指重大，規(guī)模較大的會(huì)議或?qū)I(yè)性較強(qiáng)的學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì)議
meeting 為普通名詞，指一般性會(huì)議
The international economic conference was held in shanghai last week.
國際經(jīng)濟(jì)會(huì)議上周在上海舉行。
We have a class meeting every Monday.
每周一我們有班會(huì)。
2．content
1) n. （pl）所含之物，內(nèi)容
What are the contents of the box?
這盒子里是些什么東西？
2) n. 內(nèi)容，目錄
The French newspaper is always six pages in content
那家法文報(bào)紙總是有六版的內(nèi)容
3) n. (u) 含有量
It’s carbon content is 4%.
碳的含量是百分之四。
4）adj. 滿足的，滿意的
The teacher is not content with my work, I have to do it again.
老師不滿意我的作業(yè)，我只好重做。
3．introduction n.介紹
a letter of introduction 介紹信
make a formal introduction正式介紹
2）（u）前言，引論 此時(shí)常與介詞to 連用
an introduction to Biochemistry 《生物化學(xué)入門》
There is an introduction in the front of the book, which tells you about the book.
卷首有一篇引言介紹書的內(nèi)容。
4.representative
n. (c) 代表，代理人
I have the honor to have been sent as their representative.
我很榮幸被派來作他們的代表。
2）adj. 代表性的；典型的
Beijing is a representative Chinese city.
北京是一個(gè)典型的中國城市。
4．a(chǎn)ccess n.
1) (u) (向場(chǎng)所，人等的)的接近；進(jìn)入；（資料等的）取得； 利用， 后接介詞to
Few men have direct access to the king.
很少人能接近國王。
2）接近（取得）的方法；門路；使用（參加）的權(quán)利
I have access to his office.
我可以進(jìn)出他的辦公室。
習(xí)語：easy/hard/difficult of access 容易/不易接近
gain/ obtain access to… 得以接近/進(jìn)入/會(huì)見…
give access to … 使能接近
5．Stress
1) vt. 強(qiáng)調(diào),著重
Mother stressed that Jacky should be home by ten o’clock.
媽媽強(qiáng)調(diào),杰基一定要在十點(diǎn)鐘之前回家.
2) n. (c) 重音, 重讀 其復(fù)數(shù)形式是stresses, 后接介詞on
The stress is on the first part of the word.
這個(gè)詞的重音在前半部.
3) n. 壓力, 壓迫
His vacation freed him from the stress of his job.
他的假期使他消除了工作所帶來的壓力.
6. harmony n. (u) 調(diào)和; 一致; 和諧; 和睦; 融洽
There was not much harmony in international affairs during those years.
那些年國際事態(tài)不很協(xié)調(diào).
in harmony 和睦地; 和諧地
in /out harmony with … (與…) 調(diào)和/不調(diào)和
live in harmony 和睦相處
Bob and I worked together in harmony for years.
鮑勃和我一起和睦地工作了有數(shù)十年了.
There was once a town in this country where all life seemed to live in harmony with its surroundings.
從前這個(gè)國家有個(gè)城市,在那里所有生物和環(huán)境都十分和諧.
harmonious adj. 和諧的, 和睦的
7. wipe vt. 擦, 揩, 擦干凈
The mother told her son to wipe his face clean.
母親叫兒子把臉擦凈.
wipe away 擦去
wipe off 擦掉
wipe out 擦洗…的內(nèi)部
wipe up 擦凈(液體等)
8. That is 15% of all the deaths in the world. 那是世界死亡人口總數(shù)的15%.
That is 意為”那就是”. 它在句中還常作插入語, 意思為”即”. 是對(duì)上文的解釋, 相當(dāng)于namely, or.
He drove 150 kilometres an hour, that is 300 li.
他開車每小時(shí)時(shí)速150公里, 即300里.
作插入語時(shí)還常說that is to say, 可翻譯成”即”或”那就是說”
He got a bachelor’s degree, that is to say, he graduated successfully.
他獲得了學(xué)士學(xué)位, 那就是說, 他成功地畢業(yè)了.
9. 20% of the people on earth do not have access to clean drinking water.
地球上20%的人喝不到清潔水。
on earth 從字面上解釋, 是”在地球上”, “世界上”之意, 也可以說on the earth, 如本課是. 如:
there are seven continents on earth=( in the world)
地球上有七大洲.
On earth 與疑問詞或形容詞連用時(shí)起加強(qiáng)語氣的作用, 常作 “究竟””到底怎樣”解釋.
How on earth did that happen?
那究竟是怎樣發(fā)生的?
Where on earth did I put those keys?
我把那串鑰匙放哪兒了？
On earth用于否定句中，相當(dāng)于not…at all， 意為“一點(diǎn)也不”。如：
Nothing on earth can prevent me from doing that.
沒有什么能阻止我那樣做。
考例：what _____ do you mean _____ stopping us from going there.
A. on the earth; of B. on earth; by
C. on the earth; by D. in the earth; by B
10. if we are to develop the world successfully, we must make sure that everyone is able to take part in the new world we create.
如果我們要成功地開發(fā)世界，就必須確保人人都能夠參與我們創(chuàng)造的新世界。
be to do 計(jì)劃，打算
we are to go to town this afternoon. 下午我們打算去城里。
拓展：be to do 的常見用法有：
表命令， 意為“必須，不得不”
You are to do your homework before you watch TV.
你得做完了作業(yè)才能看電視。
表示可能性，相當(dāng)于can，主要用于疑問句和否定句。
How am I to know what has become of him?
我怎么知道他的遭遇如何？
表示假設(shè)
certain skills must be learned if one is to use English effectively.
如果想有效地使用英語，某些技巧是必須得學(xué)的。
表目的
this house is to be lent or sold?
這房子要出租或出售。
表示結(jié)果
he was to blame for not locking the door.
沒有鎖門是他的過錯(cuò)。
表示命運(yùn)注定……，通常用于過去時(shí)。
He came to power, but he was to pay dearly for it; soon he was assassinated.
他得到了權(quán)力，但卻為此付出了昂貴的代價(jià)；不久他就被暗殺了。
考例：In such dry weather, the flowers will have to be watered if they____.（在如此干燥的天氣里，如果讓花存活，就必須給其澆水。）
A. have survived B. are to survive
C. would survive D. will survive B(表假設(shè))
11. All too often, global development means that rich people get richer while the poor get pooter.
實(shí)在太常見, 世界的發(fā)展意味著富人更富而窮人更窮.
all too 的用法:
all too 意為”實(shí)在太…”, “太過” “非常”, 后接形容詞或副，如
all too easy 太容易
all too often 經(jīng)常
all too soon 總是太早
all too few 實(shí)在太少
all too short.實(shí)在太短
It was all too early when we reached the top of the hill. The sun hadn’t risen yet.
我們到山頂時(shí)天還太早, 太陽還沒升起.
The mistakes that he has made are always too few.
他犯的錯(cuò)誤實(shí)在太少.
12. conference like the earth summit help people understand that there exist serious problems and that there is still time to take action.
像這樣的峰會(huì)幫助人們理解世界上存在的嚴(yán)重問題, 并且知道還有時(shí)間采取行動(dòng).
1) 句中that there exist serious problems 和that there is still time to take action 是并列的賓語從句, 這兩個(gè)從句中的連詞that通常不能省略.
He told us that he would come to see us and that he would stay here for a month.
他告訴我們他將來看我們并在這兒住上一個(gè)月.
2) there exist serious problems 屬于there be 句型. There be 句型中, 還可以用其他動(dòng)詞來代替be. 如live, stand, exist, lie, come about等, 這些動(dòng)詞通常為不及物動(dòng)詞.
Once upon a time, there lived a fisherman on the island.
很久以前, 島上住著一位漁夫.
In 1895, there came about a war between the two countries.
1895年兩國間發(fā)生了一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng).
3） take action 采取行動(dòng), 開始起作用. 名詞action前可有形容詞修飾. 例如:
take legal action
take firm action
we must take immediate action if we want to avoid future losses.
如果我們想避免更大的損失, 我們必須立即采取行動(dòng).
11． With better education, people will be able to build a better society in harmony with nature and perhaps put an end to the death and suffering caused by the big three.
教育改善之后，人們將能夠建設(shè)與大自然和諧相處的美好社會(huì)，也許還能夠消滅由三大公害帶來的危害。
put an end to “終止”, “廢止”, 此處to 為介詞, 后接名詞,代詞或動(dòng)名詞.
Only political solution could put an end to the violence.
只有政治解決方案才能結(jié)束暴力
bring…to an end使…終止
come to an end 完畢，結(jié)束
make an end of 把…終止
make (both) ends meet量入為出
at the end of 在…末尾
by the end of… 到…末尾
in the end 終于，歸根到底
on end 豎著， 連續(xù)地
when the play ____ to an end, we went back home.
A. put B. went C. came D. come C
Integrating skills
1. defend vt.保衛(wèi)…（免受…之害）；防守
They couldn’t prevent us defending our rights.
他們不能阻撓我們捍衛(wèi)我們的權(quán)利。
拓展：defend 還可表示“為…辯護(hù)（答辯）”
The lawyer defended the accused.
這名律師替被告辯護(hù)。