1． Where there is a river, there is a city. 有河流的地方就有城市。
=there is a city at the place where there is a rive.
Where 在這里引導的是地點狀語從句，相當于介詞in/at/to+ the place +where 從句（定語從句），意思是“在……地方”。例如：
Crops grow well where there is a plenty of sunshine.
=Crops grow well in the place where there is a plenty of sunshine.
Where there is oppression ,there is fighting.
Where there is a sound, there must be sound waves.
Where there is smoke, there is fire.
Where bees are, there is honey.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
2. under prep. being in a state of (sth.) 在（某事物）的狀況中
under control under study under repair
under examination under construction under discussion
eg. The building are under construction/ repair.
A few important problem are under discussion.
3.give in / give up
give in 屈服，投降, 提交，呈交
e.g. The mother gave in and bought a toy for her child.
He has given in to my view.
Give in your examination papers when you have finished.
give up 放棄
e.g. You shouldn’t give up hope.
He gave up his position as a manager.
I give up. Tell me the answer.
有關give一詞還有如下短語：
give away 贈送，泄露 give back 歸還，同return
give off 發出（煙、光、熱等） give out 筋疲力盡；耗盡
4. seem 的用法
seem后接形容詞，名詞，不定式，分詞或介詞短語等作表語
e.g. He seems quite pleased with your work.
He seemed to have a high opinion of you.
He seems a foolish boy.
It seems raining.
Everybody seems in high spirits.
注意：（1）seem后接to be 時，注意to be 的省略。
e.g. Tom came to see you this morning. He seemed (to be ) tired.
Yesterday I met a man who seemed to be the boss.(此時的to be 不能省略。因為名詞前沒有修飾語)
（2）seem 的否定形式。有兩種：
e.g. She doesn’t seem to be at home.
She seems not to be at home.
(3) There be 句型中
There seems (to be) something wrong with your computer.
(4) It seems 后接that 或as if從句，引導詞that 或as if有時可省。
e.g. It seems (as if) there will be an election soon.
It seems to me that he is right.
(5) seem like = look like 看起來好象
e.g. They seemed like many little flags.
(6) seem to be doing sth.好像在做某事
e.g. They seem to be working in the field.
他們好像在地里干活。
(7)seem to have done/been…好像已經……
e.g. The girl seems to have learnt about that sad news.
那女孩似乎已經知道那使人悲傷的消息。
5. include
(1) include 作及物動詞，意思為“包含，包括”
e.g. That book includes 3 color pages.
(2) including 作介詞，后接名詞、代詞做賓語。
e.g. There were six people in the room, including 3 children.
(3) included 過去分詞充當的形容詞，前面加名詞和代詞。
e.g. Ten of us went swimming this afternoon, our teacher included.
Six people, ______ three women, died in the battle.
Six people, three women ______, died in the battle.
The plan _______ most of your suggestions.
6．ruin
(1) n. 毀滅，毀壞 e.g. Drinks led to his ruin.
in ruins 意思是“一片廢墟，落空”。
e.g. Our plan is in ruins.
(2) v. 毀壞，摧毀
e.g. You are ruining that child.
The earthquake left the whole city in ruins.
The storm ruined the crops.
7. bring back 歸還；使記起；使回憶；使恢復
e.g. (1) Please bring the dictionary back tomorrow.
(2) Your stories brought back many memories.
(3) Her stay in the country brought her back to health.
(4) The fresh air brought her back to life.
8. represent 代表 representative 可數名詞，意思為“代表”
represent sth. 代表
represent sth. (to sb.) 向……說明，闡述，表達
represent oneself as / to be自稱是，聲言
e.g. He represents himself as an expert in English.
Let me try representing my idea to you in another way.
He represented our school at the meeting.
9. It is said that….
Sb./ sth. is said to be /do
“據說……聽說……”， it 為形式主語，代替后面的that 從句和不定式短語。
e.g. It is said that the strange old man is a great artist.
= The strange old man is said to be a great artist.
10. build, set up, found 和put up
(1)build “建造，建立，建設”其后可接具體的或抽象的名詞。
e.g. They wanted to build a state of their own.
(2)set up “開辦，建立”常和表示組織、機構、團體等意義的名詞連用，這時和build的 用法基本相同。但build更注重打基礎，表示用基金創立。set up a school/ government
(3) found“興建，建立，創辦”后面可接城市、國家、黨派等。還可表示捐資興辦學校/政府。 e.g. found a new school
(4) put up著重指建造或搭建起一個具體的物體. e.g. put up a building
11.space表示“太空、空間”，多用作不可數名詞
in space 在太空，在空間（不要帶任何冠詞） outer space 外層空間
There are millions of stars in space moving continuously.
太空中有數以百萬計的星星在不停的運動。
He was staring into space.他極目遠眺。
（2）room 作不可數名詞，也表示“空位、余地”，指可騰出的有限地方，而space則表示寬闊、空曠的空地方。
e.g. There is not enough space in the class for thirty desks.
教室騰不出可容30張桌子這么大的空間。
The computer table takes too much room .這張電腦桌太占地方了。
12. missing adj.失蹤的，找不到的，行蹤不明的
a book with three pages missing缺了三頁的書
The plane is still missing.
那架飛機仍然下落不明。
miss v.未中，使……逃掉；躲過，避免；想念，思念；錯過，失去
We missed the bus and walked home.
我們沒有趕上公共汽車，就走回家了。
He was late and missed the first ten minutes of the lecture.
她遲到了，錯過前10分鐘的演講。
We’ll miss you very much if you move.
如果你搬走，我們會很想念你。
miss doing沒能做……，沒有……
I missed buying the May number of the magazine.
我忘了買5月份的那本雜志。
The child missed being hit by a car.
那個小孩差一點就讓車子撞到了。