Unit 24 The Science of farming

發布時間：2016-3-19 編輯：互聯網手機版

Teaching objectives and demands:

1. Words and useful expressions:

farming, condition, gardening, be busy with, knock out of, point out, turn over, go against, year after year, agree to do sth．, now and then, give a talk

2. Everyday English for communication

It's a beautiful day today.

It's going to be dry and sunny for the next two days.

What's the weather going to be like at the weekend?

They say it's going to be wet and windy.

3. To help the students know something about agriculturalist Jia Sixie and his book Qimin yaoshu.

4. Language use: Manipulate listening, speaking practice

Key points:

1. Everyday English for communication

2. Words and useful expressions

3. Grammar: the grammar items about indirect speech

Time arrangement:

This unit is arrangement to be finished in 5~6 teaching periods, including a unit test.

Teaching procedures:

Lesson 93

Step 1. Revision

(1) Check the homework exercises.

(2) If possible, ask several Ss to talk about the Changjiang River project.

(3) Revise weather vocabulary. Say What's the weather like today? What was it like yesterday?

What kind of weather do you like? Why? What do you do when the weather's hot/cold/windy? etc.

Step 2. Reading

(1) SB Lesson 93, Part 1. Say Today we're going to learn a dialogue about the weather and farming.

(2) Tell the students that the weather is very important for farmers. Read the dialogue to find out what the weather is going to be like in the next two days. (Dry and Sunny.) What will Tim do? (Sow carrot seed.) How about next weekend? What will the weather be like? (Wet and windy.) What will he do? (Pick the rest of the cabbages before the weather changes.)

Step 3. Dialogue

Speech Cassette Lesson 93. Play the tape of the dialogue for the Ss to listen and repeat. Then let them practise the dialogue in pairs. Get them to make up new dialogues, using the words on the right. Ask some pairs to act out their new dialogues.

Step 4. Explanations to the dialogue

1. He is always busy with his farm work. 他總是忙于他的農場工作。

be busy with 忙于……。例如：

Father is always busy with his research work. 父親老是忙于他的研究工作。

“What are you busy with? ”--“ I'm busy with the preparation for the performance.” “你在忙些什么?”--“我在忙于演出前的準備。”

2. -What's the weather going to be like at the weekend? 周末的天氣如何?

-They say it's going to be wet and windy. 據說是潮濕、多風。

詢問天氣的交際用語通常用“What's the wether like…? ”

回答時用“It's…”。這是用來詢問當時或某地的天氣情況的。

如果詢問未來的天氣情況，則用這個句型的將來時態：

“ What's the weather going to be like…? ”，應答時用“It's going to be…”。例如：

“What's the weather like today in Shanghai? ”--“It's fine in Shanghai.”

“今天上海的天氣如何?”--“上海今天是晴天。”

“What's the weather going to be like tomorrow in Shanghai?”--“It's going to be cold and rainy.” “明天上海的天氣怎么樣?”--“上海明天有雨，天氣寒冷。”

“What's the weather going to be like next week? ”--“It's going to be cloudy and rainy.” “下星期的天氣情況如何?”--“多云有雨。”

3. “be made of”和“be made from”的區別。兩者都作“ 由……制成”解，但“be made of”指“由 ……(材料)制成”，這種材料在制成品中可以看得出來。例如：

The bridge is made of stone.

這座橋是由石頭砌的。(橋的材料是石頭，可以看出)

而“be made from”指“由……(原料)制成”，這種原料在制成品中是看不出來的。例如：The wine is made from fruit.

這種酒是由水果釀制的。(酒的原料是水果，水果在酒中看不出來。)

Step 5. Practice

(1) Play a short game with the Ss. Describe an object and see if they can guess what it is: e.g. It's made of wood. We use it for writing with. (Pencil) It's made from trees. We use it to write on. (Paper).

Write two sentences on the Bb:

Pencils are made of wood.

Paper is made from trees.

Point out the difference between made of (the material is still the same) and made from (the form of the material has changed).

(2) SB Lesson 93, Part 2. Do one or two examples with the whole class, then let the Ss work in pairs, making sentences.

Note that dumplings are made from wheat and are filled with meat and vegetables.

Step 5. Listening

(1) SB Lesson 93, Part 3. Wb Listening, Unit 24.

Turn to page 130 of the Workbook. Look at the picture. Go through the questions in Ex. 1 and discuss possible answers. It doesn't matter if the answers are not correct. Say now let's listen to the tape and find out the correct answers.

(2) Listening Cassette Unit 24. Play the tape once or twice as necessary. Discuss the answers with the whole class. For Exx. 2 and 3, make sure the Ss know what to do before you play the tape. Ex. 4 is a discussion topic.

(3) Check the answers with the class.

Step 6. Workbook

Get the Ss to do Ex. 1 in pairs and discuss the answers. Then check them with the whole class.

Follow the same procedure with Ex. 3. Then discuss in class. There may be more than one answer for the same thing, e.g. This suit is made of cotton/wool. Tables are made of wood/metal.

Ex. 2 can be done after class as written work.

Ex. 4 is optional. Do it if time permits.

Homework

(1) Finish the Workbook exercises.

(2) Do Ex. 2 on a piece of paper.

(3) Do Ex. 4 if possible.

(4) Prepare a story with the words in the box.

Lesson 94 A Farming Pioneer

Step 1. Revision

(1) Check the homework exercises, especially Wb Lesson 93, Ex. 2.

(2) Revise the listening exercise in Lesson 93. Say Tell me about Dawn. Where does she live? What does she do? Where are the fish kept? etc.

Step 2. Presentation

SB Lesson 94, Part 1. Let the Ss read the title and the first sentence of each paragraph. Get them to say what they think the passage is about. (Science of farming; a great farmer in Chinese history). Tell the Ss that agriculture means the science of farming.

Step 3. Reading

Ask the Ss to read the passage to find out about Jia Sixie. They can make notes in their exercise books.

When they finish reading, they close their books.

Step 4. Language points

1. While people in other countries in the world were trying to catch wild animals and birds and were still collecting seeds and nuts, farmers in China were developing the science of agriculture. 當世界上其它國家的人民還在捕獵飛禽走獸、采集種子和堅果的時候，中國的農民就已經在從事農業科學研究了。

While是從屬連詞，作“當……時候”解，引導表示時間的狀語從句。在主句和從句中的謂語動詞都用了過去時，以強調兩個過去的動作在同時進行。例如：

It was raining all the time while they were working on the farm.

他們在農場勞動的時候，天一直在下著雨。

The girls were singing while Jack was playing the piano.

杰克在彈鋼琴，姑娘們在唱歌。

What were you doing while I was listening to the radio?

我聽收音機的時候你在干什么?

while作“當……時候” 解時，指的是“一段時間”(a period of time)，同延續動詞連用，此時可以有when/as代替，如上述例句中的while都可以換用成when/as。但是when/as 還可以指“一點時間”(a point of time) ，同瞬時動詞連用，而while卻不能。如下句中的when/as不能用while替代：

What did you see when/as you entered the room? 你進房時見到了什么?

2. Then he returned home and spent his time on research into agriculture. 后來他回鄉從事農業科學的研究。

(1) “spend(time/money)on sth.”的意思是“在……方面花費(時間/金錢)”。例如：

The researchers spent almost half a year on the project.

研究人員在這項工程上花費了將近半年時間。

He spends much money on books and magazines every month.

他每月在購買書籍雜志上要花很多錢。

在spend后還可以跟“on/in doing sth.”，表示“在干某事中花費(時間/金錢)”，其中的介詞 on/in 也可以省去，即“ spend (time/money) doing sth.”。例如：

He has spent a lot of time and money on improving his living conditions.

他花費了大量的時間和金錢來改善生活條件。

上句中的介詞on可以換用介詞in，也可以不用任何介詞，而直接跟-ing形式。又如：

She spent her evenings (in/on) washing the floors and windows.

她把晚上時間用來擦洗地板和窗戶。

(2) 句中的research是名詞，作“研究”、“探索”解，可以用單數，也可以用復數。后面可以跟介詞into/in的短語，表示“對……進行研究”。例如：

Mr. Green has spent 10 years on research into farming and gardening.

格林先生花費了十年時間對耕作和園藝進行了研究。

His father is a physicist; he is doing his research(es) in space physics.

他的父親是物理學家，他在進行空間物理研究。

The doctors are making a research into the causes of cancer.

這些醫生正在進行一次癌癥病因的研究。

3. He advised farmers to choose the best seed-heads, the ones that had the best colour. 他勸告農民要挑選最好的谷穗，也就是那些顏色最好的谷穗。

(1) advise vt. 勸告、建議。常用在帶不定式的復合結構中(advise sb. to do sth.)。例如：

The doctor advised me to have some more rest. 醫生勸我多休息一下。

The teacher advised us to do experiments more carefully.

老師建議我們要更細心地做實驗。

We advised them not to catch wild animals and birds.

我們勸他們不要捕獵飛禽野獸。

advise后也可以跟名詞或從句作賓語。例如：

We advised an early start. 我們建議早點動身。

He advised me that I should improve the speed of reading.

他建議我提高閱讀速度。同advise相對應的名詞是advice。這是一個不可數名詞，作“勸告”、“意見”解。表示“一條意見”或“多條意見” 時，該用 “a piece of advice ”或“ pieces of advice。例如：

His talk includes advice on keeping cows and sheep.

他的談話內容包括有關飼養牛羊的建議。

I'd like to give you a piece of advice on your plan. 我想對你的計劃提一點意見。

He gave me several pieces of advice on my study.

他對我的學習提了好幾條意見。

(2) “the ones ”是同位語，用以指代前面的名詞 seed-heads 。由關系代詞that引導的定語從句(that had the best colour)修飾先行詞the ones. ones是替代詞one的復數形式，one/ones 常用來代替上文的某個可數名詞，以避免重復。如果這個名詞是單數，則用替代詞one；如果這個名詞是復數，則用替代詞ones。例如：

Could I choose an apple, a nice red one?

我選一個蘋果好嗎，一個又紅又好的蘋果?

I don't want these green apples; I want the red ones.

我不喜歡這些青蘋果，我想要紅的。

These books are too difficult for me; could you get me some easier ones?

這些書對我來說太難了。給我找幾本比較容易的書好嗎?

4. In the following spring, the seeds should be knocked out of the seed-heads and sown. (=Next spring, people should remove the seeds from the seed- heads and then sowed them.) 到第二年春天，把種子從谷穗里打出來，然后再播種。

(1) knock… out of…是一個短語動詞，意思是“把……從……里面敲打出來”(to remove sth. from sth. else)。例如：

The sudden blow knocked two teeth out of his mouth.

突如其來的一擊把他的兩顆牙齒敲掉了。

Don't knock the diamond out of the ring. 不要把鉆石從戒指里敲出來。

The gun was knocked out of the enemy's hand. 敵人手里的槍被敲了下來。

(2) following adj. 接著的，其次的。句中的 The following spring=the spring that follows= the next spring.例如：

It rained on the day we arrived, but the following morning it was sunny.

我們到達的那天還下雨，可第二天上午就天晴了。

The child was ill in the evening, but on the following day he was well again.

孩子晚上生病了，可是第二天他又好了。

5. He pointed out that it was important to remove weeds before sowing seed in the soil. 他指出，播種前先要清除雜草，這點非常重要。

(1) 這是一個復合句。主句是“He pointed out…”，后跟一個由連詞that引導的賓語從句(…that it was important …in the soil)。這個賓語從句是一個形式主語it引導的句子，真正的主語是后邊的不定式短語(to remove weeds before……)。

形式主語it的句型是：

It is/was+adj./n.+(for sb.) to do sth.例如：

It is necessary to develop the science of agriculture. 發展農業科學是必要的。

It is important for the farmers to have the knowledge of farming.

農民們要具備耕種的知識，這點很重要。

It isn't a new method to improve soil conditions like that.

像那樣改良土壤，并不是一種新方法。

(2) 短語動詞point out作“指出”解。例如：

At the meeting, he pointed out that agriculture should be put at the first place.

在會上，他指出農業應當擺在第一位。

The teacher pointed out that the first sentence of each paragraph was the topic sentence. 老師指出，每段的第一句是主題句。

6. The soil should also be turned over with a fork so that the weeds would be destroyed. (=In order to destroy the weeds, you should make the soil face up, using a fork.) 還應該用耙翻地，以除掉雜草。

短語動詞turn over作“翻轉”、“翻身”解( to face the other way up/to roll from one side to the other)。例如：

The oil lamp was turned over and a fire started. 油燈被打翻了，于是引起了火災。

I heard the clock, but then I turned over and went back to sleep.

我聽到了鐘聲，但是我翻過身又睡著了。

The soil must be turned over before planting. 在種莊稼前必須翻土。

A fishing boat was turned over by a big wave. 魚船被大浪打翻了。

7. He also said it was important to plant wheat close together . Other scientists had said that wheat should be planted with space between the plants. 他還說小麥密植很重要，(在此之前)別的科學家曾說過，小麥栽培株距應當大些。

(1) “Other scientists had said …”一句用了過去完成時“had said”，是同上句“He also said…”相比較而言的，有時間的先后。意即：其它科學家先說株距該大些，但是賈思勰說株距該小些，應當密植。兩相比較之后，結論就是下一句：

Jia Sixie did experiments and showed that his way was better.(賈思勰作了試驗，證明他的方法較好。)

(2) plant既可以作動詞，意為“種植”(put in the soil to grow)，也可以作名詞，作“植物”解 (a living thing that has roots and leaves)。例如：

“When do you plant rice?”--“In April.” “你們什么時候栽秧?”--“四月份。”

Trees, grass and vegetables are called plants. 樹、草和蔬果都叫做植物。

Step 5. Listening

Speech Cassette Lesson 94. Play the tape of the first two paragraphs for the Ss to, listen and repeat. Pay attention to intonation, pronunciation and phrasing.

Step 6. Oral practice

Wb Lesson 94, Ex. 1. Go through the exercise and make sure the Ss know what to do. Then let them work alone or in pairs. Check the answers with the whole class.

Step 7. Oral practice

Ask the Ss to tell you everything they can remember about Jia Sixie.

Step 8. Workbook

Wb Lesson 94, Exx. 2 and 3.

First get the Ss to do Ex. 2 in pairs. Then check the answers with the whole class. Translate some of the sentences if necessary. Make sure the Ss understand the passage.

Before asking the Ss to do Ex. 3 in groups or pairs, give them some help. Ask what would you touch upon when you talk about farming or gardening? Write down the notes on the Bb, for example, the importance of agricultural studies, ways of keeping seeds, improving soil conditions, etc.

Homework

(1) Finish off the exercises of Lesson 90 in the workbook.

(1) Revise the key points of this lesson.

Lesson 95 A Farming Pioneer

Step 1. Revision

(1) Check the homework exercises. Get several Ss to talk about farming or gardening, or to tell something about Jia Sixie.

(2) Books closed! Revise the contents of the reading passage in SB Lesson 94. Ask what did Jia Sixie say about keeping seeds/ improving soil conditions/planting wheat and rice? What was in his book?

Step 2. Reading

SB Lesson 95, Part 1. Tell the Ss I'd like you to read the second passage about Jia Sixie. He gives five pieces of advice. Read the passage and try to remember what the five pieces of advice are. Let the Ss read the passage for a few moments. Then books closed! Ask: What advice did Jia Sixie give?

Take notes on the Bb, e.g. Do things at the right time of the year. Examine the soil on your farm carefully. (etc.)

Step 3. Language difficulties

1. Here are five pieces of advice collected from Jia Sixie's book Qi Min Yao Shu:…( =The following are five pieces of advice which are collected from Jia Sixie's book Qi Min Yao Shu:…) 下面五條意見都是從賈思勰的《齊民要術》一書中收集到的。

這是一個倒裝句，用“Here is/are…”開頭( 這兒是 …… )，后跟主語five pieces of advice，冒號后面的五條意見是主語的同位語。“collected from…”是過去分詞短語，相當于一個定語從句，修飾先行詞five pieces of advice。例如：

Here are some children's books borrowed from our library.

這是從我們圖書館借來的幾本兒童讀物。

Here is the necklace picked up by Xiao Li on her way home.

這是小李在回家的路上拾到的項鏈。

Here are some good phrases and sentences collected from the newspaper.

這兒是從報紙上搜集到的好的短語和句子。

2. But if you go against nature and do things at the Wrong time of year, you will have to do more work and the results will not be so good. (=If you do things that are opposite of the natural way, and if you do things at a time of year when the weather conditions are unsuitable, you will have to do more work and the results will not be so good.) 如果你不順乎自然，不適時耕作，你就得付出更多的勞動，而成果卻不見得好。

(1) 本句用的句型結構是“If you…，you'll…”。這是表示禁止和警告的交際用語，意思是“如果你……，那么你就會……”。例如：

If you're late again, you'll lose your job. 如果你再次遲到，你就會失去工作。

If you don't study hard, you'll fail in the exam.

如果你不用功學習，你就會考試不及格。

If you tell the secret to the enemy, you'll be punished.

如果你把秘密告訴敵人，那么你會受到懲罰。

(2) go against是短語動詞，作“違反”、“違背”解 ( to be opposite to sth.)。例如：

It goes against my habit to get up late in the morning.

早晨起得很晚，這違背了我的生活習慣。

If you give up your studies, you'll go against your parents' wishes.

如果你放棄學業，就會違背你父母親的愿望。

You shouldn't do things that go against the law of nature.

你不該做那些違背自然規律的事情。

3. Do not plant, for example, rice year after year in the same field. 例如，在同一塊地里，不要年復一年地種稻谷。

year after year(=every year)年復一年地，一年一年地。常用來表示逐年重復，在句中作狀語。例如：

We plant trees year after year in March. 我們每年三月份植樹。

Year after year I receive a Christmas card from my friend Jack.

每年圣誕節我都收到我的朋友杰克寄的圣誕賀卡。

Her family go to the seaside for a holiday year after year.

她的一家人每年都去海濱度假。

注意，year by year也作“一年一年地”、“逐年地”解，常用來表示逐年的變化。因此，year after year有“年年 (重復) ”的意思，而year by year有“逐年(變化)”的意思。試比較：

My grandma grows older year by year.

我祖母一年一年地衰老了。(每年變老)

My grandma comes to see me on my birthday year after year.

每年我生日的那天，奶奶都來看我。(每年重復)

4. Grow different plants next to each other in the same field. 在同一塊地里套種不同的作物。

next to(=beside)靠近，緊挨著。例如：

Put the chairs and tea tables next to each other. 把椅子和茶幾并排放著。

Our school stands next to No.1 Hospital. 我們學校就在第一醫院的旁邊。

Step 4. Practice

Talk about the advice given by Jia Sixie by asking each other What is his first advice? etc. Then look at SB Lesson 95, Part 2. Let the Ss work in pairs, get some Ss to report the advice to the whole class.