重點詞匯
1. cube 1)立方形, 立方體, 方塊; 2)立方;三次冪
Please bring me an ice cube (一塊冰塊)out of the fridge.
The cube of 2 is 8. 2的3次冪是8.
The cube root of 27 is 3. 27的立方根是3.
cubic立方的；立方形的
2. benefit 1) vt. “對…有利”, 后面接名詞&代詞, 但不接反身代詞
Exercise benefit our health.
Your advice benefited me a great deal..
The fresh air will benefit you.
2) vi. “獲益, 得益于”,后面可接from/ by
We benefit by/ from daily exercises.
The plants benefited from the rain.
3) n.益處, 好處(可數(shù)& 不可數(shù))
I told them all the benefits of fresh air and exercise.
He got a lot of benefit from the holiday.假期讓他受益匪淺！
Your advice was of great benefit to me. 你的忠告對我很有好處
4) for the benefit of 為了…的利益； be of benefit to sb. 對…有好處
3. property
1) 財產(chǎn); 不動產(chǎn); 所有權(quán)(不可數(shù)); (某處特定的)地產(chǎn)(可數(shù))
This small house is my only property （唯一的財產(chǎn)）
With the city developing rapidly, property in the center is becoming more expensive.
He has a large property in the county. 他在這個縣有一大宗地產(chǎn)。
2)性能, 特性(可數(shù))
One property of steel is its hardness. 堅固是鋼的特性之一
He is studying the medicinal properties of wild plants. 他正在研究野生植物的藥物特性。
Many plants have medicinal properties.
4. range
1)vt.“排列, 歸類”, 其賓語為排列對象,后接介詞on/ in/ along表示方向或趨勢
The teacher ranged the pupils along the curb. 教師叫學(xué)生沿著路邊排隊。
I ranged the books on the shelf by/ according to size. 我把書依照大小順序排在書架上。
The cards are ranged in alphabetical order
2) vi. 在…范圍內(nèi)變動 & (山脈等)綿亙, 伸展, 排列, 延及
The temperature ranges between 30 and 40 degrees centigrade.
The road ranges westward from the lake. 這條路由湖邊向西延伸
3)(不可數(shù))“范圍”, 指認(rèn)知, 知識, 經(jīng)驗或能力方面的范圍
be out of one’s range 某人所不能及的, 非自己知識范圍之內(nèi)的
beyond the range of human understanding超越人類理解的范圍
within range of vision 在看得到的范圍之內(nèi)
The houses are sold out within this price range. 在這個價位范圍之內(nèi)的房子已售完。
5.pure 1)純粹的；干凈的；無有害物質(zhì)的;純潔的；清白的；無邪的
Is this cup made of pure gold?
The water in mountain rivers is usually pure.
2)“完全的；徹底的”，常用來加強(qiáng)語氣
What you are saying is pure nonsense.
It is a pure accident.
6. mass n. & vi.
1) “質(zhì)量”,不可數(shù)；“團(tuán)、塊、堆、片、群”，可數(shù)，常指聚成一體的沒有具體形狀的物質(zhì)；“人民、群眾”，常用作復(fù)數(shù)形式.
a mass of masses of 許多 ，大量的
A great mass of snow has fallen off the roof.
There are masses of dark clouds in the sky.
I wonder if they are truly concerned with the interests of the masses.
7. float
1) vi.“漂浮”，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“保持懸在流體的表層內(nèi)或表面上的狀態(tài)而不沉下去”；“漂移，游蕩”尤指隨意地從一處移動到另一處，多作不及物動詞用，后面可以加介詞on.
Wood floats on water.
The empty boat was floating on the sea.
A balloon is floating in the sky.
2) vt.使懸浮或放入水中；使……下水
There was enough water to float the ship.
3) on the float漂浮著
8. absorb
1）vt. 吸收(水、熱、光、知識、學(xué)問等)
Cotton gloves absorb sweat.
So many good ideas! It is too much for me to absorb all at once.
He was utterly absorbed in the book.
2)be absorbed in 全神貫注于…，熱衷于
absorb one’s attention =attract one’s attention
9. sensitive 1)adj. 敏感的(to)；靈敏的； 容易生氣的(about)
She is sensitive to the smell of smoking.
The child is sensitive to eggs. 那個孩子對雞蛋過敏。
He is sensitive about his failure. 人家一提到他的失敗，他就生氣。
㈡主課文講解:
1. life 生物(活的有機(jī)物的總稱)無復(fù)數(shù)形式不加冠詞，謂語用單數(shù)
There is no life on the moon.
Marine life swims in water.
2. range from … to… 從…分布到，在某一特定的范圍內(nèi)變化或變動
There are 200 boys ranging from 7 to 14 in age.
This plant ranges from Canada to Mexico.
Prices ranged from 5 dollars to 10 dollars.
3. all the way 自始至終，一直，一路上，從遠(yuǎn)道而來
All the way back, they talked about the persons and things that they could remember at school.
It is very kind of you to come all the way to see me.
4. whatever(=anything that)作為連接代詞引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，“無論什么，任何東西，一切事物” ，語氣比what強(qiáng)烈。
Whatever is left over is yours.
You must do whatever is best for you.
Whatever book you want to read will be sent to your office.
She is against whatever I am fond of.
5. available adj. 可用的，可獲得的，有效的，適宜的
sth.(受體)+ be + available + to + sb.
(主體) 某物對某人來說是可得的
The information is available to anybody.
The ticket is available to you for 3 days.（ 三天內(nèi)有效）
sb.(主體) + be + available + for + sth.
(受體) 某人對…來說是合適的
He is not available for the job.
Are you available for a meeting tomorrow?
6. take advantage of 利用，很好地利用；投機(jī)取巧
Peter took advantage of his visit to Paris to improve his French.
I should like to take advantage of this opportunity to express my thanks for your help.
7. 動詞不定式短語也可作結(jié)果狀語，但只能表示消極的結(jié)果，通常用only來加強(qiáng)不愉快結(jié)果的語義：
They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.
Unit 14 Freedom fighters
學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)
本單元以紀(jì)念馬丁路德金為主線，向?qū)W生介紹了二十世紀(jì)六十年代美國黑人的狀況，以及馬丁路德金為爭取黑人與白人同等權(quán)利所作的斗爭。在語言知識方面，學(xué)會被動語態(tài)的用法。在語言運(yùn)用能力方面，學(xué)會對人物的描寫。
語言點講解
1. graduation n. the receiving of a first university degree or an American school diploma 畢業(yè)（典禮）
graduate vt. to obtain a degree, esp. a first degree, at a university（從……）大學(xué)畢業(yè)；獲得（學(xué)士）學(xué)位
She graduated from Oxford with a first-class degree in physics.她在牛津大學(xué)獲得物理學(xué)一級榮譽(yù)學(xué)位。
注：graduate也可用作名詞，意為“大學(xué)畢業(yè)生”，“學(xué)士學(xué)位獲得者”。
a high school graduate高中畢業(yè)生
2. action n. ①the act or process of doing things, with the intention of gaining a desired result行動；活動；動作 eg:
The police had to take firm action to deal with the riots.警方不得不采取果斷的行動來對付騷亂。
Actions speak louder than words.行動勝于語言。
②in/into action在活動（運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、工作） eg:
He is a very good tennis player; you ought to see him in action.他是個出色的網(wǎng)球手，你該看看他打球。
③out of action損壞；發(fā)生故障 eg:
The storm put the telephones out of action. 暴風(fēng)雨使電話發(fā)生了故障。
④active adj. 積極的；有活動能力的 eg:
Although he’s over 80, he’s still very active.他雖然已年過八十，但活動能力仍然很強(qiáng)。
3. speech n.
①the act or power of speaking; spoken language 說話；言談；說話能力；言語；說的話 eg:
Only human beings are capable of speech. 只有人類才具有說話的能力。
She had a speech impediment.她有言語障礙。
②an act of speaking formally to a group of listeners 演說；演講
I had to give/ make/deliver a speech to the Press Club.我得向記者俱樂部發(fā)表演說。
4. put sb. in prison“把某人投入監(jiān)獄”（in還可用into替換）相似短語還有throw…into prison; send…to prison eg:
He was put into prison for robbing the bank. 他因搶銀行而被投入了監(jiān)獄。
Law breakers will be thrown into prison. 犯法者都會被送進(jìn)監(jiān)獄。
prison n. 表示被監(jiān)禁的狀態(tài)，不指監(jiān)獄的房子，一般不用冠詞。
be in prison被監(jiān)禁；坐牢 eg:
He has been in prison, so nobody wants to make friends with him.他蹲過監(jiān)獄，所以沒人想和他交朋友。
知識點講解
1. dream vi. & vt. to imagine (something)夢想；想像；幻想（某事）
(1) vi.做夢 eg:
He dreams every night. 他每天晚上都做夢。
(2)dream of/about sth. 夢見 …… eg:
I dreamed of my grandma last night. 昨晚我夢見了奶奶。
(3)dream that 夢見…… eg:
I dreamed that I passed the exam. 我夢見我通過了考試。
(4)vt. 夢見；做…… eg:
He dreamed a strange dream. 他做了一個奇怪的夢。
(5)dream of doing sth.想要做某事 eg:
He often dreams of going abroad. 他經(jīng)常想出國。
2. revolution n. ①(a time of) great, usu. sudden, social and political change, esp. the changing of a ruler and/or political system by force革命 eg:
the French Revolution法國大革命
②revolutionary n. a person who joins in or supports a revolution 革命者；革新者 eg:
The revolutionaries are attacking the palace.革命分子在攻打王宮。
3. join hands 攜手；聯(lián)手；合伙 eg:
We all joined hands and danced round in a circle.我們都拉起手來，圍成一個圓圈跳舞。
4. not…but…是并列連詞，在句中連接兩個并列同等成分，表示對比，意思是“不是……而是……”。 eg:
The seagulls had come to eat not the crops, but the locusts.海鷗不是來吃莊稼，而是來吃蝗蟲的。
He will come not today but tomorrow. 他不是今天來而是明天來。
Shakespeare was not a musician but a playwright. 莎士比亞不是音樂家，而是一位劇作家。
生詞、詞組講解
1. forbid vt. order(sb.) not to do sth. 禁止；不許 eg:
Smoking is forbidden in the public. 公共場合禁止吸煙。
注：forbid后跟動詞-ing形式做賓語，不接不定式。 eg:
He forbids taking books out of the library. 他禁止把書帶出圖書館。
Forbid后面有人稱代詞時，則只能接不定式，即：forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事。 eg:
He forbids us to take books out of the library. 他禁止我們把書帶出圖書館。
2. runaway adj. out of control 脫離控制的；失控的 eg:
a runaway horse/ train 失控的馬/火車； a runaway child 一個離家出走的孩子
We are suffering from runaway inflation.我們正經(jīng)受著失控的通貨膨脹之苦。
3. create v. (1) to cause(something new) to exist; produce (something new)創(chuàng)造；創(chuàng)建；創(chuàng)作 eg:
God created the world. 上帝創(chuàng)造了世界。
The regulations are so complicated that they will only create confusion. 條例如此復(fù)雜，只能造成混亂。
(2) creation n. something created; something produced by human invention or imagination創(chuàng)造物；作品；產(chǎn)物 eg:
an artist’s creation 藝術(shù)家的作品 the latest creations from Paris 巴黎來的最新時裝
4. work as 擔(dān)任……工作 eg:
When she finished school, she went to the north to work as a nurse.畢業(yè)以后，她到北方當(dāng)了一名護(hù)士。
5. more than ①多于；超過 ②不僅僅 eg:
More than 300 workers were saved in the accident.在事故中三百多人幸免于難。
She is more than a teacher to us.她不僅僅是我們的老師。
more…than… it is more true to say … than … 與其說……倒不如說…… eg:
She’s more thoughtless than stupid. 與其說她笨倒不如說她粗心大意。
no more …than in no greater degree…than 與……同樣不 eg:
He is no more fit to be a priest than I am!他和我都不適合當(dāng)牧師！
Jack is no more diligent than John.約翰不勤奮，杰克也不勤奮。
I could do it no more than you.我和你一樣都不能做那件事。
6. be active in 在……積極 eg:
take an active part in積極參加 be active in work工作積極
7. demand vt. ask for as if one has a right to do so; need; require要求；需求
（1）后跟名詞或不定式做賓語。 eg:
This work demands great patience. 這種工作需要耐心。
We demanded to know where he had gone. 我們要求知道他去哪兒了。
（2）后接賓語從句
注：要用虛擬語氣，即謂語動詞要用should+動詞原形，should可省略。
eg: The blacks demanded that they(should) be treated as equal citizens.
黑人要求他們應(yīng)當(dāng)受到平等的公民待遇。
8. march
（1）v. walk as soldiers do, with regular and measured steps 行軍；行進(jìn)
eg: The soldiers marched on.戰(zhàn)士們繼續(xù)行軍。
March against the enemy. 向敵人進(jìn)軍。
（2）n. the act of marching, procession as a demonstration行軍；游行 eg:
the Long March長征 a rapid march急行軍
Thousands of people joined in the march though they were warned of danger. 數(shù)以千計的人雖然被警告有危險還是參加了游行。
9. separate (1) v. divide分隔；把……分開來 eg:
Let’s separate the good apples from bad ones.咱們來把好蘋果和壞蘋果分開。
(2) adj. not shared with another; individual單獨(dú)的；各自的 eg:
The children sleep in separate beds. 孩子們各睡各的床。
Some people only think of their own separate interests.有些人只考慮他們各自的利益。
10. set/give an example to sb. 給某人樹立榜樣 eg:
She has set an example of plain living to us all.她給我們大家樹立了艱苦樸素的榜樣。
Example還可當(dāng)“例子”講。 eg:
The teacher told us many examples of how to use the verb.老師給我們列舉了許多怎樣使用這個動詞的例子。
for example例如；比方
11. give/make/deliver a speech發(fā)表演講 eg:
The official gives/makes/delivers a speech on/about the Common Market to a receptive audience.這位官員就共同市場問題向能接受該政策的聽眾發(fā)表演說。
同、近義詞辨析
1. divide與separate
（1）divide指把整體“劃分”成若干份，其后接into, from, among, between, with等。 eg:
This island divided into two parts.這個島嶼被分成兩部分。
（2）separate指把原來連在一起或靠近的“分隔”開來，也可指“離別”。 eg:
Please separate the white shirts from the colored ones.請把白襯衫與其他顏色的襯衫分開。
注：被divide的東西在一定條件下具有統(tǒng)一性；被separate的東西沒有統(tǒng)一性。 eg:
The Pacific separates Asia from America.太平洋把亞洲和美洲隔開。
She divided the cake among the children. 她把這塊蛋糕分給孩子們吃。
2. in prison與in the prison
（1）“in prison”意為“在坐牢”，中間無冠詞，表示與法律有關(guān)。 eg:
He has been in prison for ten years.他已經(jīng)坐牢十年了。
（2）“in the prison”意為“在監(jiān)獄中”，只強(qiáng)調(diào)地點。中間有冠詞。 eg:
There are two libraries in the prison.這座監(jiān)獄中有兩個圖書館。
英語中的類似結(jié)構(gòu) eg:
in hospital 住院 in church 做禮拜
in the hospital 在醫(yī)院中 in the church在教學(xué)中
3. join, join in與take part in
(1)join通常做“參加（某個團(tuán)體、組織等）”（become a member of）講。 eg:
Do you know how many people joined the organization? 你知道有多少人參加了那個組織嗎？
(2)join in常用于“參加（某種活動）”。 eg:
All the students joined in the discussion. 全體學(xué)生都參加了討論。
The whole school will join in the concert. 全校都要參加音樂會。
(3)join in與take part in都有“參加（某種活動）”的意思。但join in多指正在進(jìn)行的活動，如競賽、娛樂、談話等。而take part in只指參加活動。
eg: They watched the game, and then they were invited to join in it.他們先觀看了比賽，后來又被邀請參加。
知識回憶
1. In the summer of 1963 Martin Luther King, Jr gave a speech to thousands of black people who marched on Washington DC, the capital of the USA. 1963年夏天小馬丁路德金給在美國首都的華盛頓特區(qū)游行的成千上萬的黑人作了一次演講。
句中短語“march on”譯作“前進(jìn)；行進(jìn)”。“on the march”譯作“在行軍中，在進(jìn)行中”。 eg:
The soldiers were still on the march in spite of the heavy snow.盡管下著大雪，戰(zhàn)士們?nèi)栽谛熊姟?/p>
2. Blacks were not treated as equal citizens.黑人們沒有被當(dāng)作平等公民對待。
句中“be treated as”表示“被當(dāng)作……對待”，主動結(jié)構(gòu)為：treat sb./sth. as…
eg: Don’t treat me as your sister. 別把我當(dāng)作你妹妹對待。
3. His message was that black people should not be separated but should be treated with respect in the same way as other people. 他主張黑人不應(yīng)該被分開，他們應(yīng)該和別人一樣受到同樣的尊重。
在這個句子中as是連詞，和the same…一起構(gòu)成定語從句。 eg:
I have the same trouble as you(have).我和你有同樣的麻煩。
典型病句診斷
1.病句：The teacher forbids to smoke in his room.
診斷：The teacher forbids smoking in his room.
點撥：forbid作“禁止”解時，其結(jié)構(gòu)為forbid sb. to do sth.即當(dāng)有“禁止”之對象時，用不定式；無“禁止”之對象時，用動名詞。不能說forbid to do sth.或forbid sb. doing sth.。
2.病句：He demanded me to return the book at once.
診斷：He demanded that I (should) return the book at once.
點撥：demand后接不定式作賓語，但不能跟帶有不定式的復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)。若要表示“要求某人做某事”的意義時，只能通過賓語從句來表示，而且賓語從句要用虛擬語氣，即“should+動詞原形”，should可以省略。
3.病句：Everyone here is free expressing himself.
診斷：Everyone here is free to express himself.
點撥：“be free to do sth.”是固定搭配，即be free后接不定式，不接動名詞。
4.病句：He was made begin his work from the midnight.
診斷：He was made to begin his work from the midnight.
點撥：當(dāng)make, see, hear, watch, find等感官或使役動詞在主動句中時，其后的不定式不帶to，但在變?yōu)楸粍泳渲蟊仨毤由蟭o。
5.病句：Abraham Lincoln was made the president of the USA.
診斷：Abraham Lincoln was made president of the USA.
點撥：在獨(dú)一無二的職務(wù)前，一般不加the。
6.病句：Slavery was finished in the U.S. in 1865.
診斷：Slavery was ended in the U.S. in 1865.
點撥：表“終止”應(yīng)用end，不用finish或complete。
7.病句：I don’t imagine you are interested in politics.
診斷：I imagine (that) you are not interested in politics.
點撥：imagine和think不同，否定從句中的not不能移到主句中。
Unit15 Destinations
知識歸納
1.在英語中，do,have,make,take這四個動詞，加上名詞作賓語（名詞前可有形容詞）構(gòu)成詞組，可以表達(dá)許多不同含義，其意義相當(dāng)于在名詞前加上一個相關(guān)動詞，現(xiàn)分述如下：
(1)do+名詞
e.g. Mary has done (=has written) an article. 瑪麗寫了一篇文章。
He will do (=draw) a large portrain of Ren Changxia. 他要為任長霞畫一幅大畫像。
do computer study=study computer
do the room=clean the room
do the dishes=wash the dishes
do one’s hair=comb one’s hair
do one’s teeth=brush one’s teeth
do the fish=cook the fish
do the puzzle=work out the puzzle
do science=study science
do a comedy=act a comedy
do a concert=hear a concert
do the tower=visit the tower
do Japan=visit Japan
do 20 miles=travel 20 miles
do one’s guests well=serve one’s guests well 有時賓語也可用doing,并在doing前加some。
do some reading=read some books,read some pages
do some studying=study something
do some walking=walk for some time還有do most of the talking,do some morning shopping等。
(2)have+名詞
e.g.We had a long talk(=talked for a long time) last Sunday.上星期天我們進(jìn)行了一次長談。
They’re having a rest(=resting).他們在休息。
此類結(jié)構(gòu)常見的還有：
have a chat,have a look at…,have a drink,have an interview,have a smoke,have a fight,have a bath,have a dream
名詞前可有修飾成分，如have no respect,have no wish,have some good laughs,have one more try等。
有時意義上等于在名詞前加上一個相關(guān)的動詞，如：
have a lesson (class)上一節(jié)課
have an X-ray進(jìn)行X光檢查
have a great success取得很大成功
have a small accident出了小事故
have a headache(a flu,cold)得頭疼病（流感，感冒）
have a baby生孩子
have one’s advice聽從某人的建議
have a telegram收到一封電報
have an answer有了答案
(3)make+名詞（相當(dāng)于名詞的動詞含義）
e.g.The police made an examination in her room.警察檢查了她的房間。
The teacher made a clear explanation.老師清楚地作了解釋。
We made a comparison of the two articles.我們把這兩篇文章作了比較。
make an attempt=attempt
make a suggest=suggest
還有make a visit參觀，make a long stay住了很長時間，make another start又重新開始了，make preparations作準(zhǔn)備，make arrangements作安排，make decisions作決定，make a choice作選擇，make a map畫一張地圖，make tea沏茶，make an expression留下印象
（4）take+名詞（相當(dāng)于名詞相應(yīng)的動詞）
e.g.He took a look at(=look at) this book. 他看了一下這本書。
I want to take a nap(=nap).我想午休一會兒。
這類詞組還有：
take a bath 洗澡
take a walk散步
take exercise進(jìn)行鍛煉
take an action采取行動
take an examination進(jìn)行考試，進(jìn)行檢查
take a trip旅行
take a vacation度假
相當(dāng)于“吃，喝，吸（入）”，如：
take the food,take pills,take medicine,take tea (coffee),take a glass of beer,take sugar,take a breath of fresh air,還有：take a taxi(bus,train…)坐出租車（公共汽車，火車……）
take a room要一個房間，租用一個房間
take one’s advice接受……的建議
take a job承擔(dān)一項工作
take one’s degree接受……學(xué)位
take chemistry選學(xué)化學(xué)
2.with的一種用法
with之后可以加一個抽象名詞，構(gòu)成名詞短語，作用相當(dāng)于這一名詞相對應(yīng)的副詞。
e.g.He looked at her with respect(=respectfully).他恭敬地看著她。
She told Tom the story with a smile(=smilingly).她微笑著給湯姆講了個故事。
He accepted the invitation with pleasure(=pleasurably).他愉快地接受了邀請。
這類詞組常見的還有：
with calmness=calmly冷靜地
with curiosity=curiously好奇地
with surprise=surprisingly驚奇地
with ease=easily輕易地
with difficulty 艱難地
with amazement驚奇地
with sympathy同情地
with disapproval不滿地
with fear害怕地
with delight (joy)高興地
with envy妒忌地
with anger生氣地
with efficiency有效地
with one accord voice異口同聲地
with tears in one’s eyes含淚地
in+名詞也可以這樣用。例如：
“How did you come here?”He asked in surprise(=surprisingly).
“你是怎么到這兒的？”他驚奇地問。
Jack shut his eyes in fear(fearfully).杰克害怕得閉上了眼睛。
His sister stared at him in amazement(=amazingly).他的妹妹驚奇地看著他。
He came home in high cheerfulness(=cheerfully).他興高采烈地回了家。
常見的這類詞組還有：
in terror害怕地
in astonishment驚奇地
in anxiety焦急地
in amazement驚奇地
in confusion大惑不解地
in alarm驚慌地
in curiosity好奇地
in great happiness非常愉快地
in a hurry急忙地
in a low voice低聲地
in hatred and despair滿懷仇恨和絕望地
in earnest 認(rèn)真地
同義詞語辨析
1.murder, kill, massacre
(1)murder是“謀殺，殺害”的意思。英語意思是to kill unlawfully,especially on purpose。
e.g.The bandits murdered the man for his money.歹徒為了謀取他的錢而殺害了他。
Every two hours someone was murdered.每兩個小時就有一人被謀殺。
(2)kill用于因兇器或在非常事故中死亡的場合。英語的意思是cause to die。
e.g.His father was killed in a railway accident.他父親在一次火車事故中身亡。
Only a few people were killed in the earthquake.地震中只有少數(shù)人死亡。
He killed him with a spear.他用矛刺死了他。
kill還可作“使……難受之極，使……極其尷尬，使失去，消磨（時間）”解。
e.g.My back killed me.我的背非常難受。
It killed him to admit he is wrong.承認(rèn)他錯了使他感到極為尷尬。
The joy killed the audience.這個玩笑讓觀眾笑得要死。
The train was late,so we killed time by playing cards.火車晚點了，我們就打牌消磨時間。
（3）massacre“大屠殺”，英語意思是to kill a number of people without mercy。
e.g.When the soldiers captured the town,they massacred all the inhabitants.
當(dāng)敵兵占領(lǐng)這座城市后，他們屠殺了城里的所有居民。
另外，表示“為……而獻(xiàn)出生命”的同義詞組有：
devote one’s life to…
dedicate one’s life to…
give one’s life for…
lay down one’s life for…
lose one’s life for…
另外還有一些詞組可以用來表示“死”，但此用法較委婉：
(sb.) pass away;one’s heart stop beating forever;
(sb.) sleep peacefully;those who have fallen;
(sth.) cost sb. his life;sb.is dead and gone;
(sb.) be in heaven for some time
2.ask for,require,demand
(1)ask for指要求得到具體的物質(zhì)的東西，普通用詞。也可用ask sb.to do sth.表示“要求某人做某事”，語氣較客氣。
e.g.He asked for some money.他讓了一些錢。
He asked his mother to wake him at six in the morning.他讓他母親早上六點叫醒他。
I asked that I (should be) was allowed to see her.我請求允許我看望她。
(2)require“要求，有必要”,語氣不如demand強(qiáng)，一般強(qiáng)調(diào)從需要、規(guī)章、慣例出發(fā)，要求別人做某事，含有客觀上必要的，缺此不可的性質(zhì)。
e.g.He has done all that was required of him.凡需要他做的他都做了。
How many days will be required to finish this work? 完成這項工作需要多少天？
(3)demand“要求，需要”,指堅持要得到某物或堅持要做某事，用于人時，通常表示提出要求的一方認(rèn)為他們有權(quán)這樣做，語氣較強(qiáng)烈，有時帶有強(qiáng)制的意味；用于物時，指一般的“需要”，這時可和require,want,need等詞互換。
e.g.The Iraqi people demanded that the USA soldiers should get out of Iraq.
伊拉克人要求美國兵從伊拉克撤退。
All his life he believed that it was right and necessary to demand changes in society if people did not have their civil rights.整個一生他都認(rèn)為如果人民沒有權(quán)利的話，要求社會變革是正確的，而且是必要的。
The work demands(=requires,wants,needs,etc,) great skill.這個工作需要熟練的技巧。
高考真題
1.(2004北京卷)The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics______by 2006.
A.has been completed
B.has completed
C.will have been completed
D.will have completed
簡析：選C。本句意思是：“北京市市長說所有北京奧運(yùn)會的建設(shè)工作將在2006年前完工。”“work”和“complete”是被動關(guān)系，句子應(yīng)用將來完成時態(tài)，所以選C。
2.(2004上海卷)The flu is believed ______ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
A.causing
B.being caused
C.to be caused
D.to have caused
簡析：選C。全句的意思是：“人們認(rèn)為感冒是由病毒引起的，這種病毒喜歡在人的鼻子和喉嚨中繁殖。”“感冒”和“引起”之間為被動關(guān)系。這里敘述一般情況，應(yīng)選C。B為“正在引起”，D為“已經(jīng)引起”。
3.(2004上海卷)The disc,digitally ______ in the studio,sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A.recorded
B.recording
C.to be recorded
D.having recorded
簡析：選A。disc和record之間是被動關(guān)系，作定語時，不定式表示未來動作，及物動詞的過去分詞表示完成了的被動動作，故這里應(yīng)選A。
4.（2004上海卷）
The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people ______ to eat more fruit and vegetables.
A.persuade
B.will persuade
C.be persuaded
D.are persuaded
簡析：選D。本句意為：“如果人們能被說明多吃些水果和蔬菜的話，死于心臟病的人數(shù)就會大大減少了。”“people”和“persuade”是被動關(guān)系，在if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來，故選D。
The First Period
△complaint n.投訴；申訴；抱怨，表示不滿
△Iraq n.伊拉克
△Mexico n.墨西哥
△Greenland n.格陵蘭
Airline n.航空公司;航線
uncomfortable adj.不服的，令人不自在的
△wanderlust n.漫游癖
The Second Period
every now and then不時地
△itch/it n.&vi. 渴望；癢
phenomenon n.現(xiàn)象；奇跡
△Rio de Janeiro n.里約熱內(nèi)盧（巴西港市）
Brazil n.巴西
△stretch/stret vt.&vi. 展開；伸展；延伸
△Cariocas n.里約熱內(nèi)盧人
downtown n.&adj. 城市商業(yè)區(qū)（的）
△historical adj.具有歷史意義的
commercial adj.商業(yè)性的；商務(wù)的；商業(yè)的
△Copacabana n.科帕卡巴納（巴西著名海灘）
△princess n.公主；王妃
△hundredth n.&adj. 第一百（個）；第一百的
get tired of對……感到厭倦；對……失去興趣
avenue n.（城市中的）大街；通道；（通往鄉(xiāng)間的）小路
disappointed adj. 失望的；沮喪的
△Carnival n.(四旬齋前持續(xù)一周或半周的)嘉年華會；狂歡節(jié)；歡宴
△Kitzbuhel n.基茨比厄（奧地利城市）
△paradise n.樂園；天堂
△skier n.滑雪者
altitude n.緯度
surrounding adj.&n.周圍（的）；環(huán)繞（的）；環(huán)境；周圍的情況
guarantee vt.保證……免受損失或傷害；確保
breath-taking adj.壯觀的；激動人心的；驚險的
△resort n.勝地；常去之地
downhill adj. 快速下降滑雪的；下坡的；傾斜的
inexpensive adj.廉價的；便宜的
feast n.（感官、精神等的）享受；盛宴
dip n.（在江河湖海中）洗澡；游泳；蘸濕
gym n.體育館
shore n.濱；岸
The Third Period
to do
1.The first thing would be to decide where to go.
2.The most important thing would be for you to decide where to go.
-ing
1.Every now and then we get the itch for travelling.
2.Kitzbuhel has the most challenging and exciting downhill slopes for skiers in the world.
3.Few visitors leave Rio feeling disappointed.
-ed
1.Amazed by the beautiful scenery at Copacabana Beach,he decided to come again next year.
2.Known as Carnival,the festival attracts visitors from all over the world.
Point out the function of the -ing form in each sentence.
1.Doing nothing is doing ill.
2.Be careful!The falling stones might hit you.
3.When you hang wet clothes near a fire,you will see steam coming from them.
4.Not knowing much English,I found it hard to understand them.
5.While walking along the shore,we saw that the water was very dirty.
6.Playing tricks on others is something we should never do.
7.Babies like tearing paper into pieces.
8.They went out of the club,talking and laughing loudly.
The Fourth Period
budget n.預(yù)算；預(yù)算案
rate n.價格；費(fèi)用；速度；效率
visa n.簽證
arrangement n.安排；準(zhǔn)備工作；整理
passport n.護(hù)照；過境通行證
cheque n.支票
△photocopy n.&vt.復(fù)印（件）
currency n.貨幣；通貨
sight n.景象，情景；視力，視覺
seasoned adj. 有經(jīng)驗的
accommodation n.住處；膳宿