Teaching Aims:
To learn the basic form of the to-infinitive and the bare infinitive and learn how to use them in different situations
To learn how to use the verb-ing form as a noun in various situations.
To summarize common and important verbs related to infinitive and verb-ing
To apply what they learn to practice by fulfilling some written mistakes.
Teaching Key Points:
The usages of persuade and discourage
Teaching Difficulties:
The usages of infinitive and verb-ing
Teaching Procedure:
Step One: Leading-in
T: (Greet the class as usual) Now boys and girls, please look at the screen and tell me the functions of the underlined parts in the sentences: subject, object, object complement, attributive, predicative, or adverbial?
Tom seemed excited when he heard the good news yesterday.
1) My mother didn’t allow him to go out, for he had lots of homework to do.
2) In order to keep healthy, Jack takes exercise every morning.
(T helps students review the basic sentence elements. Have students analyze the above sentences. Give them some to discuss the sentences in pairs first and then check the answers.)
Step Two: To-infinitive
T: Very good! Now, please open your book to page 11 and read the instruction to tell me the basic structure of the to-infinitive.
S: to + the base form of a verb
T: (Make sure students know what it is.)
That’s good. The to-infinitive can be used alone or as part of an infinitive phrase. Next go through the sample sentences in point 1 and tell me the functions of the to-infinitive.
Ss: …
(Let them talk about them in groups of four and then check the answers as a whole. T can show the students more examples if possible and collect them in the following table.)
Functions Sample Sentences
Subject To find a best friend is difficult.
It is difficult to find a best friend.
Object I need to sleep for eight hours every day.
Please remember to write to me.
Object
Complement I ask him to come over.
He ordered Tom to leave at once.
Attribute I have an important meeting to attend.
I have two letters to write.
Predicative His intention was to cheer me up.
My job is to deliver letters.
Adverbial My dad arranged some swimming lessons to surprise me.
He worked hard to provide for his big family.
T: Wonderful. Besides, you need also pay attention to the following point:
The to-infinitive often follows some verbs as the object of a sentence.
Want, hope, like, begin, start, try, forget, agree, learn, refuse, dare, decide, determine, fail, manage, offer, prepare, prefer, mean etc.
T: Ok. Read the point 2, the to-infinitive can also have a continuous or perfect form in active or passive voice.
Active Voice Passive Voice
Basic form to do to be done
Perfect form to have done to have been done
Continuous form to be doing
( Teachers can show them more
e.g. I am glad to meet you.
e.g. Tom is said to have written a science fiction book about love.
e.g. Tom happened to be talking loudly when the teacher came in.
Step Three: Bare infinitive
T: Ok, let’s go on to learn another kind of infinitive called the bare infinitive, that is, the infinitive without to. (Ask them to read the group 1 to answer in what situations bare infinitive can be used.)
1) We use the bare infinitive after
let, make and have
○1 I let her borrow my book.
○2 She made me promise to write every day.
(Review when they are changed into the passive, ‘to’ should be added before the bare infinitive.)
verbs of perception: feel, hear, see, observe, notice and watch
○1 I often see them play basketball together.
○2 I heard him sing in the next room yesterday.
Phrases or patterns: would rather, had better, and why not
○1 I’d rather stay at home instead of watching the film.
○2 You’d better not be late.
T: In addition, you need also pay attention to the following point:
The negative form of the infinitive: add not before infinitive
e.g. He decided not to do it.
e.g. The doctor advised Tom had better not smoke.
T: Well done. Now read the group 2 and make sure students understand that we can use the bare infinitive for the second infinitive when two infinitives are joined by and, or, except, but, than, rather than, as or like.
e.g. I forgot to turn off the lights and close the door when I left.
e.g. We have nothing to do but watch TV.
( Later complete the exercise on page 9)
Suggested Answers:
1. to thank 2. to talk 3. to have 4. e-mail 5. to receive 6. to go 7. watch
8. borrow 9. visit 10. spend 11. write 12.tell 13. to see 14. make 15. come
( After this, give the students a few minutes to ask for help if they have any questions)
Step Four: Verb-ing as a noun
T: Now, let’s go on with Verb-ing as a noun on page 10. Read the group 1 and let them tell how to use them in different situations. (collect their answers in the table)
Sample Sentences Usages
Swimming is good for your health. As Subject
I love swimming in the sea. As Object
I keep fit by swimming every day. After prep.
Her swimming is improving day by day. After Possessives
The old man has to use a walking stick. Compound Nouns
T: Good! Next go through the group 2 and 3. And tell me in what situations we can use Verb-ing forms.
We use Verb-ing (not a infinitive), after the following words:
admit dislike imagine delay consider mind understand
avoid enjoy practise miss finish keep suggest
Some common phrases are used with Verb-ing forms.
cannot help I cannot help wondering why she does not like me.
look forward to I look forward to seeing you at the party.
feel like I don’t feel like doing anything now.
cannot stand She cannot stand seeing that boy.
It is no use/good It is no use crying about your exam results now.
put off I had to put off shopping for a while.
keep on He kept on asking me for my phone number.
T: Next, read the group 4 and 5 carefully to collect the following:
We can use a verb-ing or an infinitive after the following verbs with little difference in meaning but sometimes with some difference in meaning or usage such as
○1 continue prefer begin hate like start love (little difference)
○2 forge regret remember mean try go on (with some difference)
(Give students some time to take in what they have learnt and explain any difficulty raised by them. Later ask them to read the notes on page 11 and complete the e-mail individually.
Suggested Answers:
1.visiting /to visit 2.chatting 3.viditing 4.pretending 5.chatting/to chat
6.stop 7.chatting 8.to do 9.pass
Step Five: Language Pionts
1) persuade vt. 勸說；使相信
persuade sb to do sth= persuade sb into doing sth （成功地）說服某人做了某事
persuade sb of sth 使某人相信某事
sb be persuade of sth 某人相信/確信某事
e.g. I persuaded her to go to school, even though she did not want to.
e.g. I am almost persuaded of his honesty.
persuasive adj. 具有說服力力的，使人信服的
2) discourage vt. 使喪失勇氣；使氣餒；使沮喪
discourage sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事 相似結構有：
stop sb (from) doing sth
keep sb from doing sth
prevent sb (from) doing sth
e.g. We discouraged Tom from giving up the job.
Step Six: Homework
To do Part C2 on page 92 in workbook to practise the infinitive and verb-ing forms
To preview the task