詞的前綴和后綴
常見(jiàn)的單詞后綴
1. 名詞后綴
1> 以下單詞后綴構(gòu)成抽象名詞:
A -ery, -ry, 表示 “性質(zhì),場(chǎng)所” 如: slavery , bravery, nursery , bakery,
B. –ment 表示 “運(yùn)動(dòng),結(jié)果” 如: development , movement , government, equipment, achievement.
C. –ness “狀態(tài),性質(zhì)” 如” kindness, darkness , illness, carelessness.
D. –sion “動(dòng)作,狀態(tài)” 如: discussion , permission, impression.
E -tion “動(dòng)作, 狀態(tài)” 如: action, attention, education, liberation.
F -ship “狀態(tài),身份” 如: friendship, membership , hardship
G -hood “身份,性質(zhì)” childhood boyhood brotherhood neighborhood
H -ism “主義, 行為, 特征” communism , socialism , materialism , criticism, racism
I -al “行為, 結(jié)果” refusal arrival
J -ing “ 物質(zhì),活動(dòng)” farming,
K –dom “集體,領(lǐng)域” freedom, kingdom.
L –ful “充滿” spoonful , glassful.
M – er, -or “人,動(dòng)作者” driver, leader, teacher, singer
-ian musician, politician technician
-ist socialist , communist scientist
-ese Chinese Japanese
- ess “女性, 雌性” waitress , actress , hostess, lioness.
2. 形容詞后綴
A. –al “…的” national , chemical, political
B. –an “…地, …人” African , American, Italian
C. –able “ 能夠” reasonable , suitable, terrible,
D. –ern “ 方向” southern, western, northern
E –ful “充滿” beautiful, careful , harmful.
F -ish “ 屬于, 稍微” British, Spanish , childish
3. 動(dòng)詞后綴
A. –en deepen, loosen
B. –ize modernize, organize
C. –ify beautify
常見(jiàn)詞的前綴
A. em- en- “使 ， 使成為“ engage, ensure
C. de- “ …的反意， 去掉， 降低” deliver, decline , delay, decrease
D. cross- “ 跨越” cross- cultural cross roads
E centi- “百, 百分之一” centimeter, centigrade
F con- , com- “ 聯(lián)合” cofirm concentrate, compound
G bio- “生物的” biochemistry, biology, biological
H anti- “反對(duì)” antinuclear
I un-“ 不” unfit unsuccessful
non- non- smoker non-stop
dis- discount , discuss disturb
in- invisible
il- illegal
im- impossible
ir- irregular
mis- mistake misfortune.
J re- “重復(fù)” repeat, recycle
K co- “共同, 平等” cooperate
L over- “過(guò)度” over-sleep, over-eat
M super- “超級(jí),超出”superpower , superstar
N vice- “副手” vice-president
O tele- “遠(yuǎn)程的” telephone, television
P kilo- “ 千” kilometer kilogram
在本單元中我們接觸到了verb-ed 與verb-ing 形式充當(dāng)形容詞的用法。鑒于這兩者是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的重要內(nèi)容。高考題中也經(jīng)常涉及一些題目。下面我們拓展以下verb-ed 與verb-ing形式的用法：
1. verb-ing 的形式
A 動(dòng)詞-ing形式的一般式
1> 動(dòng)詞-ing形式的一般式可用來(lái)泛指一個(gè)動(dòng)作，沒(méi)有特別的時(shí)間意義。
Swimming is her favorite sport.
游泳是她最喜歡的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。
Learning is important to modern life.
學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)現(xiàn)代生活很重要。
2> 動(dòng)詞-ing形式的一般式可用來(lái)表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing.
他們有說(shuō)有笑地走出教室。
3> 動(dòng)詞-ing形式的一般式有時(shí)也可表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前或之后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
I remembered sending him an e-mail last week.
我記得上星期給他發(fā)過(guò)一份電子郵件。
He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday. 他建議下個(gè)星期天帶我女兒去動(dòng)物園。
B 動(dòng)詞-ing形式的完成式
動(dòng)詞-ing形式的完成式表示一個(gè)已完成的動(dòng)作，這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生或完成在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。
Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well.
在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中，作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-ing形式的完成式可用一般式來(lái)代替。
I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture.
錯(cuò)過(guò)了這么振奮人心的演講，我真的很遺憾。
(=I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.)
We remembered seeing the film. 我們記得看過(guò)這部電影。
(=We remembered having seen the film.)
C 動(dòng)詞-ing形式的被動(dòng)形式
動(dòng)詞-ing形式的被動(dòng)形式表示它的邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞-ing形式表示的動(dòng)作的承受者。
The question being discussed is very important.
正在討論的問(wèn)題很重要。
I can‘t stand being kept waiting.
我不堪久等。
Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the school library.
在被帶去看了實(shí)驗(yàn)室之后，我們又被帶去參觀校圖書(shū)館。
D 動(dòng)詞-ing形式的否定形式
動(dòng)詞-ing形式的否定形式由not加動(dòng)詞-ing形式構(gòu)成。
His not coming made everyone present very disappointed.
他沒(méi)來(lái)使在場(chǎng)的每個(gè)人都很失望。
verb-ing 的用法:
A 動(dòng)詞-ing形式作主語(yǔ)
1 動(dòng)詞-ing形式可直接置于句首作主語(yǔ)。
Seeing is believing.= To see is to believe.
百聞不如一見(jiàn)。
2 為了保持句子平衡，通常用先行詞it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把真正的主語(yǔ)放在句末。
It is no use crying over spilt milk.
作無(wú)益的后悔是沒(méi)有用的。
It's a waste of time arguing about it.
爭(zhēng)論這事是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
動(dòng)詞-ing形式作主語(yǔ)的幾個(gè)常用句型。
It‘s no good talking to him. 和他談話是沒(méi)有用的。
It is useless telephoning him. He is not willing to come.
給他打電話沒(méi)用。他不愿意來(lái)。
It‘s worth making an effort. 努力一下是值得的。
There is no saying when it will stop raining.
無(wú)法斷定這場(chǎng)雨什么時(shí)候會(huì)停。
There is no joking about such matters. 這種事開(kāi)不得玩笑。
B 動(dòng)詞-ing形式作表語(yǔ)
1 表示主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容
Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible. 她的工作是盡量使報(bào)告廳保持干凈。
2 表示主語(yǔ)具有的特征
The problem is quite puzzling. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題很令困惑。
C 動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞-ing形式既可作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，也可作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。
能用動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞可分兩類(lèi)，一類(lèi)是只能用動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)，另一類(lèi)是既可用動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)，也可用不定式作賓語(yǔ)。
只接動(dòng)詞-ing形式而不接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：
admit 承認(rèn) appreciate 感激 avoid 避免
put off 推遲 keep 保持 consider 考慮
delay 耽擱 dislike 嫌惡 resist抵制
mention 提及 enjoy 喜歡 escape 避免
excuse 原諒 practice 練習(xí) mind介意
fancy想不到 feel like 意欲 finish 完成
risk 冒險(xiǎn) include 包括 forgive 原諒
give up 放棄 suggest 建議 miss 逃過(guò)
imagine 設(shè)想 cannot help 情不自禁
D 動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
1 動(dòng)詞-ing形式可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find等表示感官和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞后面作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，和一個(gè)名詞或代詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。
We heard the children shouting upstairs.
我們聽(tīng)見(jiàn)孩子們?cè)跇巧辖泻啊?/p>
I felt my heart beating violently.
我覺(jué)得我的心在猛烈地跳動(dòng)。
2 動(dòng)詞-ing形式和不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。
在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官動(dòng)詞后，既可用動(dòng)詞-ing形式構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，也可用不定式構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，兩者之間有一定的區(qū)別。用動(dòng)詞-ing形式時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行；用不定式時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了，即動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程結(jié)束了。
He saw a girl getting on the bus.
他看見(jiàn)一個(gè)女孩在上公共汽車(chē)。
He saw a girl get on the bus and drive off.
他看見(jiàn)一個(gè)女孩上公共汽車(chē)后開(kāi)走了。
3 動(dòng)詞-ing形式也可用在have, get, leave, keep, set, catch等表示"致使"的動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
They should not leave us wondering what they will do next.
他們不應(yīng)該不讓我們知道他們下一步要做什么。
I won't have you running about in the room.
我不允許你在房間里跑來(lái)跑去。
We kept the fire burning all night long.
我們讓火整夜燃燒著。
注意:
如果賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是一系列的動(dòng)作，通常只能用不定式來(lái)表示，不用動(dòng)詞-ing形式。
I saw him enter the room sit down and light a cigarette.
我看見(jiàn)他走進(jìn)房間，坐了下來(lái)，點(diǎn)燃了一根香煙。
E 動(dòng)詞-ing形式作定語(yǔ)
1 單個(gè)的動(dòng)詞-ing形式可以作前置定語(yǔ)，一般具有兩種含義。
① 說(shuō)明被修飾名詞的用途和性能。
a reading room = a room which is used for reading 閱覽室
running shoes =shoes for running 跑鞋
a working method =a method of working 工作方法
For example:
a drawing board 畫(huà)板 a sewing machine 縫紉機(jī)
a swimming pool 游泳池 a waiting room 候車(chē)室
a dining car 餐車(chē) a driving permit 駕駛許可證
a singing competition 歌詠比賽 a walking stick 手杖
② 表示所修飾的人或物的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，在意思上接近一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，可以表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，也可表示經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或當(dāng)時(shí)的狀態(tài)。
developing countries = countries that are developing
發(fā)展中國(guó)家
an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary
看起來(lái)很普通的房子
a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody
困擾人的問(wèn)題
2 作定語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-ing形式如是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)，則應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面。
The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory.
裝著醋的那個(gè)瓶子應(yīng)送到實(shí)驗(yàn)室去
They lived in a house facing south.
他們住在一所朝南的房子里。
3 某些情況下，動(dòng)詞-ing形式不能用來(lái)作定語(yǔ)，必須用定語(yǔ)從句。
① 作定語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-ing形式表示的動(dòng)作要與主句謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，如兩者不能同時(shí)發(fā)生的話，則需使用定語(yǔ)從句。
【誤】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.
【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture.
昨天來(lái)的教授將要給我們作一個(gè)講座。
② 動(dòng)詞-ing形式的完成式一般只用來(lái)作狀語(yǔ)，不作定語(yǔ)。
【誤】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
被地震毀壞的廟宇很快就要重建了。
F 動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞-ing形式可以作狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)詞，在句中表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、行為方式或伴隨情況等。動(dòng)詞-ing形式作時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)時(shí)多位于句首；作結(jié)果、伴隨情況狀語(yǔ)時(shí)常位于句末。
1 表示時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.
我們已經(jīng)作好了充分準(zhǔn)備，現(xiàn)在可以應(yīng)考了。(= After we have made full preparations...)
2 表示原因，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。
Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday.
由于生病，他昨天沒(méi)有上學(xué)。(= Since he was ill...)
3 表示結(jié)果，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)。
His father died, leaving him a lot of money.
= and left him a lot of money.
他父親死了，留給他許多錢(qián).
4 表示條件，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。
Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed.
=If you work hard at your lessons...如果你努力學(xué)習(xí)，就一定能成功。
5 表示讓步，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.
= Although they knew all this...盡管知道了一切情況，他們還是要我賠償損失。
6 表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)。
He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.
= ...and stared at the sky for a long time
他躺在草地上，長(zhǎng)時(shí)間地望著天空。
2. verb－ed形式
1 動(dòng)詞－ed形式表示已完成的動(dòng)作。
除了作形容詞用的動(dòng)詞-ed形式外，動(dòng)詞-ed形式可帶有完成的意義，有的同時(shí)也帶有被動(dòng)的意義。
Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.
由于在農(nóng)村出生并長(zhǎng)大，他對(duì)生物很感興趣。
One of the glasses was found broken.
有人發(fā)現(xiàn)其中一個(gè)杯子破了。
The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.
魯迅寫(xiě)的這些書(shū)，受到了許多中國(guó)人的喜愛(ài)。
2 及物動(dòng)詞的－ed形式一般表示被動(dòng)的意思。
Given more time, I could have solved that riddle.
要是有充足的時(shí)間，我就能猜出那個(gè)謎語(yǔ)。
(句子的主語(yǔ)I和動(dòng)詞give之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。)
When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood.
你說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，一定要讓人懂得你的意思。
(賓語(yǔ)yourself和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)understand之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。)
The experience gained in the army was of great value to our study.
在軍隊(duì)獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)我們的學(xué)習(xí)很有幫助。
3 不及物動(dòng)詞－ed形式只表示完成的意義，并不帶有被動(dòng)的含義。
an escaped prisoner 逃犯 = a prisoner who has escaped
a retired worker 退休工人= a worker who has retired
a newly arrived guest 新來(lái)的客人
= a guest who has just arrived
People should pay attention to the changed situation.
人們應(yīng)該注意到變化了的形勢(shì)。
verb-ed 用法
A 動(dòng)詞－ed形式作表語(yǔ)
1 動(dòng)詞－ed形式在連系動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)。
The students are fully prepared.
學(xué)生們已做好了充分的準(zhǔn)備。
When we got there, the shop was closed.
我們到那兒時(shí)，商店已經(jīng)關(guān)門(mén)了。
比較
要把動(dòng)詞-ed形式作表語(yǔ)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)。作表語(yǔ)的-ed形式表示狀態(tài)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。
Peter the Great is buried here. 彼得大帝就埋葬在這里。
Peter the Great was buried here in 1725.
彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在這里。
2 同一動(dòng)詞的－ed形式與－ing形式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別。
動(dòng)詞-ed形式作表語(yǔ)，主要表示主語(yǔ)的心理感覺(jué)或所處的狀態(tài)，含有被動(dòng)的意思，而動(dòng)詞-ing形式作表語(yǔ)多表示主語(yǔ)具有的特征，含有主動(dòng)的意思。
They were frightened to hear the frightening sound.
他們聽(tīng)到那可怕的聲音很害怕。
At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved.
看到這么動(dòng)人的情景，所有在場(chǎng)的人都感動(dòng)了。
比較：
amusing 使人高興的 amused 開(kāi)心的
encouraging 鼓舞人心的 encouraged 受鼓勵(lì)的
disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 失望的
exciting 使人激動(dòng)的 excited 激動(dòng)的
puzzling 迷惑人的 puzzled 迷惑的
satisfying 令人滿意的 satisfied 感到滿意的
Worrying 令人煩惱的 worried 煩惱的
tiring 引起疲勞的 tired 疲勞的
pleasing 令人愉快的 pleased 高興的
astonishing 令人驚訝的 astonished 驚訝的
B 動(dòng)詞－ed形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
當(dāng)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞和前面的賓語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，一般應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞-ed形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
1 在感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find等后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night.
昨晚我聽(tīng)了第九交響樂(lè)的演奏。
We found all the rivers seriously polluted.
我們發(fā)現(xiàn)所有的河流都被嚴(yán)重污染了。
比 較
動(dòng)詞get后也可接動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，和賓語(yǔ)是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。
I couldn't get the car to start this morning.
今早我無(wú)法把汽車(chē)發(fā)動(dòng)起來(lái)。
He got his sister to help him with his clothes.
他讓姐姐幫他洗衣服。
It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him!
讓他說(shuō)話不難，難的是說(shuō)開(kāi)了止不住他。
2 在使役動(dòng)詞get, have, make, leave, keep等后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
① 動(dòng)詞-ed形式作get的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital.
多麗絲在醫(yī)院把壞牙拔了。
I'll just get these dishes washed and then I'll come.
我得先把盤(pán)子洗了，然后就來(lái)。
② 動(dòng)詞-ed形式作make的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
He raised his voice in order to make himself heard.
他提高了嗓門(mén)為了使別人聽(tīng)清他的講話。
You should make your views known to the public.
你應(yīng)該讓公眾知道你的觀點(diǎn)。
③動(dòng)詞-ed形式作keep或leave的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
They all went home, leaving all the work undone.
所有的工作都沒(méi)完成，他們就回家了。
The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night.
偵探和他的助手把自己整夜反鎖在房。
比 較
動(dòng)詞get后也可接動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，和賓語(yǔ)是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。
I couldn't get the car to start this morning.
今早我無(wú)法把汽車(chē)發(fā)動(dòng)起來(lái)。
He got his sister to help him with his clothes.
他讓姐姐幫他洗衣服。
It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him!
讓他說(shuō)話不難，難的是說(shuō)開(kāi)了止不住他。
Can you really get that old clock going again?
你真的能讓那只舊鐘再走起來(lái)嗎？
動(dòng)詞make后的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)可用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)詞-ed形式，但不可用動(dòng)詞-ing形式。
【誤】Can you make the students understanding the text?
【正】Can you make the students understand the text? 你能讓學(xué)生理解這篇課文嗎？
【正】Can you make the text understood by the students? 你能讓學(xué)生理解這篇課文嗎？
3 動(dòng)詞－ed形式也可用在with (without) 結(jié)構(gòu)中，作介詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
With everything well arranged, he left the office.
一切都安排妥善之后，他離開(kāi)了辦公室。
She has come back with her backpack filled with interesting picture-books.
她已經(jīng)回來(lái)了，背包里塞滿了有趣的圖書(shū)。
Without any more time given, we couldn't finish the task in three weeks.
如果不再給我們?nèi)魏螘r(shí)間的話，我們?nèi)瞧谥畠?nèi)完成不了任務(wù)。
4 某些動(dòng)詞后(如want, need, prefer, would like等)，作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式被動(dòng)形式省略“to be”，就成了動(dòng)詞－ed形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
I would like this matter (to be) settled immediately.
我希望這事立即得到解決。
The peasants don't want good farmland (to be) built on.
農(nóng)民們不想讓好好的農(nóng)田被用來(lái)建造房子。
現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：
whom flns+sb do (經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作)
+sb doing sth.（正在進(jìn)行）
+sth done（被動(dòng)）
C 動(dòng)詞－ed形式作定語(yǔ)
1 前置定語(yǔ)
單個(gè)動(dòng)詞-ed形式作定語(yǔ)一般放在被修飾的名詞之前，作前置定語(yǔ)。
A watched pot never boils.
心急鍋不開(kāi)。
All the broken doors and windows have been repaired.
所有的壞門(mén)窗都修好了。
When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper.
我們到達(dá)的時(shí)候，每人被發(fā)給了一份印制好的試卷。
提 示
如要表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，單個(gè)動(dòng)詞-ed形式也可作后置定語(yǔ)。
Money spent is more than money earned.
入不敷出。
2 后置定語(yǔ)
作后置定語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-ed形式一般都帶有修飾語(yǔ)或其他成分，在語(yǔ)法上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。
We have read many novels written by this author.
我們讀過(guò)這個(gè)作家寫(xiě)的許多小說(shuō)。
(= that are written by this author)
Half of the honoured guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors.被邀請(qǐng)到招待會(huì)上的貴賓有一半都是外國(guó)大使。(= who had been invited to the reception)
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.這次會(huì)議獲得很大的成功，共有一千名學(xué)生出席了。
(= which was attended by one thousand students)
A woman, dressed like a lawyer, came in and took her seat as judge.一個(gè)律師裝扮的女人走了進(jìn)來(lái)，并作為法官就座。
(= who was dressed like a lawyer)
3 動(dòng)詞－ed形式作定語(yǔ)和－ing形式作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
動(dòng)詞-ed形式作定語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作已完成，而動(dòng)詞-ing形式作定語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)詞正在進(jìn)行。
the risen sun 升起了的太陽(yáng) the rising sun 正在升起的太陽(yáng)
boiled water 開(kāi)水 boiling water 正沸騰的水
fallen leaves 落葉 falling leaves 正在飄落的葉子
changed condition 改變了的情況
changing condition 變化著的情況
developed countries 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家
developing countries 發(fā)展中國(guó)家
自測(cè)天地
D 動(dòng)詞－ed形式作狀語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞-ed形式作狀語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)一樣，也可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。
1 表示時(shí)間
動(dòng)詞-ed形式作狀語(yǔ)表示時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful.
從塔上往下看，城市顯得很美麗。
(= When the city is seen from the tower...)
Shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.
帶我們參觀了實(shí)驗(yàn)室之后，又帶我們參觀了圖書(shū)館。
(= After we had been shown the lab ...)
Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away.經(jīng)過(guò)醫(yī)生徹底檢查以后，他立刻回到了學(xué)校。
(= After he was completely examined...)
有時(shí)動(dòng)詞-ed形式前可加連詞when, while等來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間概念。
Once recovered, he went all out to do his work.
一恢復(fù)健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。
When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame.
當(dāng)被問(wèn)到為什么上課又遲到時(shí)，她羞愧地低下了頭。
Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.
一旦給這鐘上了發(fā)條，它就會(huì)走半個(gè)月，并且走得很準(zhǔn)。
2 表示原因
動(dòng)詞-ed形式作狀語(yǔ)表示原因，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。
Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying.
孩子們被英雄事跡感動(dòng)，情不自禁地哭了起來(lái)。
(= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...)
Written in haste, her letter is very hard to read.
因?yàn)閷?xiě)得快，她的信很難閱讀。
(= As it was written in haste ...)
Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate.
我們因?yàn)樾掳l(fā)現(xiàn)而激動(dòng)萬(wàn)分，決定出去慶祝一下。
(= Because we were excited by...)
3 表示條件
動(dòng)詞-ed形式作狀語(yǔ)表示條件，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。
Heated, water changes into steam. 加熱，水就能變成蒸汽。
(= If water is heated...)
Given more time, he would be able to do better.
假如多給一些時(shí)間，他會(huì)干得更出色。
(= If he was given more time ...)
Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker. 與其他教授相比，她是一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的演說(shuō)家。
(= If she was compared with other protessors...)
為了使-ed形式表示的條件、動(dòng)詞讓步意義更加明顯，我們可以加上適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞。
Even if invited, I won't go. 即使受到邀請(qǐng)，我也不去。
Though beaten by the opposite team, they did not lose heart.
雖然被對(duì)手打敗，但他們并沒(méi)有喪失信心。
Unless invited, he will not come back to the company.
除非被邀請(qǐng)，不然他不會(huì)回到公司來(lái)的。
4 表示讓步
動(dòng)詞-ed形式作狀語(yǔ)表示讓步，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)though/although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.盡管已經(jīng)跑得筋疲力盡，他們還是繼續(xù)追趕著那個(gè)強(qiáng)盜。
(= Although they were exhausted by the running ...)
Laughed at by many people, he continued his research.
盡管被許多人嘲笑，他還是繼續(xù)他的研究。
(= Even if he was laughed by many people ...)
有時(shí)動(dòng)詞-ed形式作狀語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞-ing形式被動(dòng)式作狀語(yǔ)，并沒(méi)有多大的區(qū)別，可以互換。
Suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school.
= Being suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school. 他因突然發(fā)熱不能來(lái)上學(xué)。
Brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life.
= Having been brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life.
因?yàn)槭窃谵r(nóng)村長(zhǎng)大的，他感到很難適應(yīng)城鎮(zhèn)生活。
5 表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明
動(dòng)詞-ed形式作狀語(yǔ)表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明時(shí)，通常位于句子的后面，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句。
The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students.
老師站在那兒，被學(xué)生圍住了。
(= and he was surrounded by the students)
He went into the office, followed by some children.
他走進(jìn)辦公室，后面跟著一些孩子。
(= and he was followed by some children)
動(dòng)詞的-ed形式在句中不能用作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。
【誤】I cannot stand laughed at.
【正】I cannot stand being laughed at.
我不能容忍被人嘲笑。
【誤】Invited to the state banquet is a great honour.
【正】To be invited to the state banquet is a great honour.