New words:
1.content-n. the ideas of a book, paper etc. 內容；目錄； 要旨
I like the style of this book, but I don’t like the content. （內容）
Before buying a book, I look at the table of the contents. （目錄）
adj.
1）satisfied; happy 滿足的；滿意的
a)be content to do
be (well) content with
John seems content just to sit in front of the television all night.
約翰似乎整夜坐在電視機前就滿足了。
She is not content with the explanation.(不滿意)
b)be satisfied with 對。。。感到滿意
You’ve done well at school. I’m very satisfied with you.
I’m not at all satisfied with the present situation.
c）be pleased with 滿意
I ’m very pleased with what he has done.
We are very pleased with our new house.
d) be happy with 滿意的satisfied because one thinks that sth is being done in the right way
He wasn’t happy with her work and he made her do it again.
vt.使滿足：
1）content
Simple praise is enough to content him.
*content oneself with 使對。。。滿足，滿足于
He contented himself with that work.
He contented himself with one glass of wine.
We should never content ourselves with book knowledge only.
There is no contenting some people. 有些人是很難滿足的。
There is no doing …沒法做某事
There is no stopping him. 沒法阻止他。
2）meet one’s need/ demands/ expectation
satisfy
Does the hotel meet your expectation?
The new book meets our needs.
2.access – n.
1)[c]means of entering; way to; entrance 進入；通路
The access / entrance/ passage / way / solution / attitude / key/ visit to
The only access to their house is along a narrow road.
2)[u]means or right of using, reaching, or entering 使用，接近或進入的方法或權利（機會）：
Students need easy access to books.學生需要得到圖書的方便途徑。
3.rural ---adj.鄉村的；農村的like the countryside
people living in the rural areas
countryside
country
urban---of a town or city 都市的；城市的
urban life
suburb---n.(通常pl) an outer area of a town or city, usu. Where people live rather than work 郊區
I live in the suburbs.
3.responsibility-n.
1)責任，義務 [u]
take responsibility for 對。。。承擔責任
take on responsibility 承擔責任
have a responsibility/ responsibilities for/towards 對。。。有責任
Parents take most of the responsibility for the children.
I take fully responsibility for breaking the window.我對打破窗戶負全責。
I take fully responsibility for this action.
Parents have responsibility for their children.
2）職責[c]，責任心
The mother of a family has many responsibilities.做孩子的媽媽要盡多方面的責任。
responsible-adj.
1）be responsible (to sb.) for sth./sb.對某事/某人（向。。。）負責
I am responsible to the director for making sure that the company is profitable.我對董事負責，保證公司賺錢。
She is my child. I’m responsible for her.
Who is responsible to the parents for the education of children?
2）be in charge of 負責
I’ll be in charge of the whole factory next week when the director’s away.
be in the charge of 由。。。負責
The factory is in the charge of Mr. Smith.
3)answer for= be/ become responsible for對。。。負責，承擔。。。后果；受懲罰
I’ll answer for his safety.
You will have to answer for your violent behavior in court.
對你在法庭上的粗暴行為，你必須承擔一切后果。
4.take action
take measures / take a step
We have to take action before it is too late.我們必須采取行動，否則就太晚了。
The government has promised to take measures to help the unemployment. 政府已經答應采取措施來幫助失業者。
5. willingness ---n 愿意，心甘情愿 willingly –adv.
be willing to
be ready to
be content to
be prepared to do=愿意的
be glad/happy/ pleased to do sth.
I shall be well content to do so.
Mary seems content to sit in front of the television all night. 樂意
My grandparents are content to live quietly in the countryside.
I’m not prepared to listen to your weak excuses. 站不住腳的
She’s always ready to help others.
6.harmony-n. 協調，和諧[u]
The harmony of sea and sky makes a beautiful picture.
She had a sense of harmony.
There can be no harmony between two selfish people.
*in harmony 和諧， 和睦
Bob and I work together in harmony for years.
My cat and dog never fight---they live together in perfect harmony.我的貓和狗從來不打架，它們和睦相處。
*in harmony with 和。。。一致
His tastes are in harmony with mine.
7. put an end to結束（不好的事），制止
We must put an end to this foolish behavior.
come to an end結束
The meeting came to an end at last.
come to… end有。。。的結局
If you don’t give up, you’ll come to a bad end.
make (both) ends meet使收支相抵
come to a stop
The car came to a stop at last.
8.wipe away 擦掉；清除掉
Wipe away your tears.
wipe (…) off
Wipe the dirt off your shoes.
She wiped off the dust.
wipe on 在。。。上面擦
He wiped his dirty hands on a rag.
9.per-a/an / for each
Our charge for the work will be $6 per hour/ an hour.
10.alternative- adj.兩者（或以上）擇一的，供選擇的
We returned by an alternative road.我們是從另一條路回來的。
They are alternative ways of expression the same idea.
n.抉擇；可供選擇的方案
They are several alternatives to your plan.
除了你的計劃，另有幾種選擇方案。
There is no alternative but to fight.
I had no alternative but to walk out.
改錯：There is no alternative but wait. (to wait)
The only alternative is coffee and tea. (and -- or)
You have the alternative of going and staying. (and – or)
你可在去留之間選擇。
You have the alternative of coffee, tea, or milk. (有of 用 or)
你可在咖啡，茶或牛奶中任選其一。
The alternatives are coffee, tea and milk. （沒有of用and）
可供選擇的是咖啡，茶葉和牛奶。
11.defend –v. 1) vt.
a) defend… against/ from 保護。。。使不受：
defend sb. from harm
We defended ourselves against a surprise attack.
She defended her children from the mad dog.
b) protect… from/against 保護；保衛
He raised his arm to protect his face from the blow. 他抬起胳膊擋住向他臉部打來的一拳。
She protected the children from every danger. 她保護孩子們免遭任何危害
c) guard …from/ against 防衛；警衛；保護（使不受損害）
The wall guards the place from the thieves.
The dog guarded the house ( against strangers).
狗守護著房子（防止生人進入）。
Wear a hat to guard your face against the sun.
guard against 防止
2)辯護；答辯 vt.為。。。辯護
I have no intention defending myself to you.
That lawyer is defending Mr. Smith.
12.1)affect vt.
2)have an effect on
effect-v. produce 產生
She effected several changes in the company.她使公司發生了幾個變化。
3)influence sb./sth.
sb. to do sth.
have an influence over sb.
1)Smoking affects health.
2)Smoking has a bad effect on him.
3)Don’t let me influence your decision.
What influenced you to do it?
He has a strange influence over the girl.
13.advise
suggest
recommend
give advice
I advised her that she should wait.
I advise waiting till the right time.
I recommend you to buy this dictionary.
Let me give you a piece of advice.
Text:
1.
Text:
1.share ideas交換意見
compare notes
2.1)since then/ since when 同完成時連用
I have not been much in that country since then.
Since when have you been living in this country?
2）ever since從那以后（一直）（同完成時連用）
John fell off his house a week ago and has been in bed (ever) since.
2)It is + 一段時間 + since + did
It’s a long time since I met you last.
It’s just a week since we arrived here.
3)表過去某事前一段時間情況，時態有以下幾種類型：
a）主句從句謂語都用完成時態：
Two weeks had passed since Mary had seen him.
b)主句謂語用一般過去時，從句謂語用過去完成時：
It was years since I had seen her.
c)主句謂語用完成時,從句用一般過去時：
Since she came to me, we had been very happy.
4)在。。。之后，后來
He was sick last week but has since recovered.
Her husband died ten years age, but she’s since married.。。。后來又結婚了。
3.1)or 即；也就是；用于補充說明上文內容。
The company is paying the rent or at least contributing to it.公司在付房租，或者至少再付一部分房租。
That is (to say),
namely
Only one people can do the job, namely you.
2)or (else) 否則
He had to have a job or go hungry.
Hurry up or else you’ll be late.
3)or rather 更確切的說
He arrived late last night or rather in the early hours this
morning.
4)or so 大約；左右（放在量詞后）= more or less
I want a hundred or so.
Mr. Smith will be back in a week or so.
about/ around/ some （放在前）
5)or something (somewhere)大概是…這類東西（在…這類地方）
He’s an engineer or something.
I put it in the cupboard or somewhere.
4. without doing 再沒發生。。。的情況下
They left the school in a hurry , without saying goodbye to anyone.
He locked the door without making a sound.
*do without /go without 沒有。。。也可以；對付
People cannot do without food.
I don’t have enough money to buy a car, so I’ll just have to do without one.
I’m afraid there’s no coffee, so we’ll just have to go without (it).
If I can’t find it, I shall have to do without it.
5.20% of the people on earth do not have access to clean drinking water.世界上20%的人口喝不上清潔的飲用水。
access to 進入；接近
The dead-only street was the only access to her home.那個死胡同是通往她家的唯一的路。
Access to the mountain-town is often difficult because of the bad roads. 由于路況不好，進入山城往往很難。
6.alone-adv.只有；僅僅
He alone is not responsible for it.
Money alone cannot make you happy.
（all） alone 單獨一人（放在動詞后）
I had to work all alone.
She likes to go it alone in everything.她凡事都喜歡一個人干.
7.If we are to
be+ to do sth. 安排；命令；職責；義務；目的；用途；可能性；命中注定：
We are to meet at the school gate.
You are to be back by 10 o’clock.
The prize is to honor him for his great discovery, 獎品是為了表彰他的重大發現。
A knife is to cut with.刀是用來切割的。
They were never to meet again. 它們注定以后永遠再也見不著面了。
8.do whatever one can= do what one can= do all that one can
9.Without international cooperation, developing countries cannot prosper, nor will sustainable development be possible.
倒裝：nor; neither, not, hardly, seldom, never
Never have I met him before.
Seldom have we seen such big melons.
Hardly had she entered the house when she heard the dog barking.
10.Only by changing the way we live can we save the earth.
Only in this way can you work out the maths problem.
Only when Tom returns this afternoon will the meeting begin.
11.Not until we know more will we be able to improve the situation.
倒裝：
1)Jack didn’t understand why his mother was angry with him until she told him everything.(陳述句)
2)Not until his mother told him everything did Jack understand why she was angry with him. （倒裝句）
3)It was not until his mother told him everything that Jack understood why she was angry with him.（強調句）
12.A better understanding of the environment is necessary, as is the willingness to act.更好地了解環境情況是必要的，意愿行動也是必要的。
as= so
He is a patriot, as are his brothers.他是個愛國者，他的兄弟們也是一樣。
He believed, as did his family, that you were telling the truth.
13.in harmony with (與。。。)和睦相處
反義：out of harmony with
The goal, he says, is to live in harmony with the world around us. 他說目標是與我們周圍和諧相處。
He soon found himself in harmony with his new co-worker.
14.put an end to 結束；制止
We must put an end to this foolish behavior.
The chief task of the moment is to put an end to the terrible pollution in the rivers.當務之急是制止河流的嚴重污染。
15.There is a chance (that)…
1）chance 可能性[c;u]
There is a chance that…有可能發生某事
There is a good chance that I’ll finish the work tomorrow.
There is a chance that the sick child will get well.
There is just a chance that he’ll help you.
同義詞：possibility 可能性（多作不可數名詞，有時可加a）
用法：
a) There is a possibility of doing…
There is a possibility of his coming for Christmas.
I don’t think there is any possibility of your getting away before midday tomorrow.
b)There is a possibility that…
There is a possibility that the train may be late.
There’s always the possibility that he won’t come.
2)chance機會 [c; u] 同義詞 opportunity
Chance/ opportunity to do
of doing
I had the chance / opportunity of visiting Paris.
I had no chance/ opportunity to see him.
I wish I’d had your chances / opportunities!
I don’t get many chances to talk to him these days.
The train was so full that we had little chance to compare notes.
There was no chance of his getting scholarships.